229 Mass. 374 | Mass. | 1918
This is a bill in equity brought by the plaintiffs, who allege that they are the successors in title of the trustees of the residue of the real estate under the will of David Sears, to compel conveyance to them of an undivided half interest in each of two parcels of land in the city of Boston, alleged to be held by the defendants under a trust resulting in favor of David Sears (and the plaintiffs as his successors in title), by reason of the invalidity of certain provisions in the deeds conveying to the trustees of Amherst College the two parcels of land above referred to. The bill also prays for an accounting for one half of the rents received from one of the parcels; but no question is before the court on this prayer of the bill, as the order to the master by whom the case was heard limited the hearing to the questions of title.
The deed of the first parcel above referred to from David Sears to the Trustees of Amherst College is dated July 1, 1844, and conveys what will hereinafter be called the Leverett Street property, together with a lease thereof given to one Luther for one hundred years which will expire in the year 1928. The habendum clause of the deed is as follows:
“To Have and to Hold the same, to the said Trustees of Amherst College, and their Successors forever, for the objects nevertheless, and upon the conditions hereinafter written, ■—■ that is to say, to and for the following uses and purposes. In the first place the said Trustees of Amherst College, and their Successors, shall collect and receive the rents and profits of the above described estate, and shall annually during the continuance of the above mentioned lease to Philip Luther, and no longer, invest the same in the purchase of Books of General Literature, for the establishment, foundation, and increase of a Library appurtenant to this present endowment and for the use and benefit of the Students*378 of Amherst College. And on the termination of said lease to Philip Luther in the year of our Lord 1928, the said Trustees of Amherst College, and their successors, shall invest, and forever keep invested the rents and profits of said estate in the manner and for the purposes hereinafter described, and declared, namely, in some Funded, or Bank, or Insurance, or Rail Road Stock, or in other corporate property, or public securities, or in Mortgages, or in productive real estate, to increase and accumulate the permanent Capital of a Literary and Benevolent Fund, which the said David Sears, does by these presents create, found, and establish.
"And to give immediate activity to said Fund, and in addition to the grant of the above described estate the said David Sears with these presents also gives and pays over to the said Trustees of Amherst College the sum of Five thousand dollars, which they hereby acknowledge to have received, and do by [the acceptance of] these presents promise to invest as the commencement and foundation of said Fund subject to the conditions & limitations, and for the uses and objects in this'deed recited and declared, and for the following uses, trusts, and objects namely, The said Trustees of Amherst College will Immediately invest the said Five thousand dollars in some of the above named securities, and the same with its income and accumulations again invest, and keep invested, so as to constitute and make together with the above described Leverett and Barton Street estate, a Permanent Fund, under the above name of Literary and Benevolent. And the annual income of said Fund is to be invested and added to the Principal annually, between the months of July and January, to form a new Permanent Capital of said Fund, and when invested is not afterwards to be expended or used.—But in any year before the annual income is so invested, the parties who have the right, may demand, and shall receive their part of said income to be expended in such objects as to them may be most desirable, — without appeal, — and in such years, that half only of said annual income, not demanded, shall be funded.
“And it is hereby declared to be the intention of the Donor, that the said Trustees of Amherst College, and their Successors, shall be one Party, and that David Sears, the Founder of said*379 Fund, and his Representatives shall be the other party to the benefits of said Fund. And the Trustees of Amherst College, and their Successors, are hereby authorized and empowered to receive and expend the one half part of said annual income of said Fund in such purposes of Literature, without restriction, as they may deem most desirable, and including a right to build at their pleasure for the use and benefit of the Fund. Provided always, and they are entitled to half the income on this condition, that they pay over the other half part of said annual income, when demanded, to said David Sears and his Representatives designated and described in certain deeds of said David Sears to the Wardens and Vestry of St Pauls Church in Boston, dated in the year 1821, and establishing a Fund for Charitable and other uses. And if at any time hereafter it should so happen from any cause whatever that said income cannot be so paid over, or that any of said parties should be prevented, or prohibited, or in any way debarred from their several rights, or, if any of said parties as they become entitled to said income from said Fund should not receive the same within one year after demand thereof, then, and in each or either of said cases, the property conveyed by this deed, and the Fund herein referred to and established, together with all the property of every sort and description, which said Fund now has, or may hereafter become possessed of, shall thereupon be immediately forfeited to, revert to, and be reinvested in said David Sears and his heirs forever.”
The deeds from Sears to the wardens and vestry of St. Paul’s Church, dated 1821 and above referred to in the deed from Sears, provided that the rentals of the pews conveyed by these deeds should be applied to the accumulation of a permanent fund; and that the wardens and vestry “shall pay over to said Sears, or his nearest heir, by the name of Sears, for the time being, who shall demand it, the one half of said income [i. e'., the income of the St. Paul’s Church fund], for his, or her use and benefit, that is to say, any heir of said Sears, of his name, who may demand the said one half of said income, shall be entitled to receive it, but his or her right to it shall be superseded and annulled, whenever a nearer heir of the same name shall make a similar demand.” By a subsequent deed to the same grantees he defined the phrase “nearest heir” as used in that and previous deeds, as being in
The second deed from Sears to the Trustees of Amherst College is dated September 1, 1847, and conveys a parcel of land situated in the city of Boston, hereinafter called the Brattle Street property. It also conveys and assigns to the grantees a lease of the land described to one Hinckley for one hundred years, which will expire in the year 1919. This deed referred to the earlier deed and to the undertaking of the grantees “to perform the several conditions, and comply with the several restrictions, and limitations, and execute the several trusts, uses, and objects, contained in this deed, in addition to, and in completion of their contract with said Sears, as the same appears recorded in said deed of the first of July 1844. . . . And the annual income received from the estate hereby granted, is forever to be a source, and afford a supply, — as a river affords a supply of water to the ocean, — by which the capital of said fund is to be annually increased, — and subject to the conditions, restrictions, limitations, and divisions of income, and forfeiture of said fund forever, — the same to be deemed and taken as a part of the original trust.”
It will therefore be observed that, by the deed given in 1844, the entire rent received was to be expended by the college in the purchase of books during the term of the lease. This part of the gift is admitted to be valid. After the termination of the lease in 1928, the rents and profits are to be invested in securities to increase the permanent capital of a “Literary and Benevolent Fund,” created by this deed and by a gift to the college of $5,000, acknowledged in the first deed to have been received. One half of the income of the fund so established is to be invested and added to the principal annually, between the months of July and January, unless demanded by Sears or his representatives; the college being authorized to expend one half of the fund for the purposes of literature provided it paid over the other half, if demanded, to Sears or his nearest heir by the name of Sears for the time being, as described in the deeds of Sears to the wardens and vestry of St. Paul’s Church, dated in the year 1821 and above referred to. ■ The deed of 1844 also provides that if one half the income is not paid over to the parties entitled thereto,
The second deed, dated September 1,1847, conveyed the Brattle Street property to be held for the increase and benefit of the Literary and Benevolent Fund, created by the deed of 1844. The rents and profits are to be invested to increase the principal of the fund and become a part of it, “subject to the conditions, restrictions, limitations, and divisions of income, and forfeiture of said fund forever, — the same to be deemed and taken as a part of the original trust.” The entire income from this property has been added annually to the capital of the fund in accordance with the direction in the deed. Of the income from the capital of the fund, the college has received one half and the other half has been added to capital. The fund, by reason of the addition of one half of its income and of all the rents received from the Brattle Street property, has increased greatly in amount. The plaintiffs make no claim to the fund as such; as they are trustees only of the residuary real estate of David Sears, the grantor, they have no claim except to land and rent therefrom. In this suit they pray for an accounting for rents and profits received from the Brattle Street property since 1909, when they contend that they demanded the same. They also claim title to one undivided half of the fee in the Brattle Street property, and one undivided half of the reversionary interest in the Leverett Street property remaining after the termination of the lease to Luther.
In the case of St. Paul’s Church v. Attorney General, 164 Mass. 188, upon which the plaintiffs largely rely, it was held that, in the deeds from David Sears above referred to conveying six pews to the wardens and vestry of St. Paul’s Church, the provision for the payment of one half of the annual income of pew rents to Sears, the grantor, or his eldest male heir, on demand, was contrary to the rule against perpetuities, and that there was a resulting trust to the grantor and his heirs. That case is decisive of the present case in holding that the provision for the payments
We are of opinion that the differences in the deeds do' not lead to any different results; and that the deeds under consideration, like the deeds in the St. Paul’s Church case, must be Construed as creating a resulting trust in Sears and his descendants in one half of each of the two parcels of land conveyed to the defendants.
It is plain that the gifts to the trustees for the uses of Amherst College created a valid charitable trust. It is equally plain that the accumulation of funds for the benefit of the grantor and his descendants named, was an invalid trust, the beneficial interest in which resulted to the donor. St. Paul’s Church v. Attorney General, supra. Nichols v. Allen, 130 Mass. 211. The deeds properly construed created two distinct trusts: one for the benefit, of the college, the other for the benefit of the grantor and his descendants named. The former was valid; the latter was invalid. Dexter v. Harvard College, 176 Mass. 192. St. Paul’s Church v. Attorney General, supra. That a charitable gift was intended appears from the deeds. Accordingly the trust in favor of the college will be supported although the trust for the grantor and his representatives fails. Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen, 539, 556. Sorresby v. Hollins, 9 Mod. 221. Curtis v. Hutton, 14 Ves. 537. As the trust for the benefit off Sears and his hen's was invalid, the beneficial interest therein resulted to him. Easterbrooks v. Tillinghast, 5 Gray, 17, 21. Nichols v. Allen, ubi supra. Olliffe v. Wells, 130 Mass. 221. St. Paul’s Church v. Attorney General, supra.
The defendants do not deny that the provision in the deeds for Sears and his representatives violates the rule against perpetuities and is void to that extent, but they contend that, even if invalid in that respect, the deeds convey valid gifts of the lands therein described to the college; that the legal title so conveyed was a fee simple conditional, and that the condition and the right of entry have both disappeared, thus cutting off all right of the plaintiffs. In other words, it is the contention of the defendants that Sears intended to make a single completed gift to the college for its benefit, and to impose upon that gift provisions for the benefit of himself and his representatives; that the deeds conveyed both parcels to the trustees in fee simple subject to a common law condition, which has been discharged, and the property is held by the grantees and their successors free from any claim by the plaintiffs, or by Sears or his nearest heir by the name of Sears as above defined, or by his heirs at law or any other person. An important question is raised by this contention, similar to one referred to, but not decided, in the St. Paul’s Church case. Undoubtedly there is language in the deeds which, taken by itself, would warrant the inference that it was the intention of the grantor to make gifts subject to a condition subsequent. Brattle Square Church v. Grant, 3 Gray, 142. But such, however, is not the necessary inference. In order to determine the true meaning of these deeds, they must be interpreted in view of all the language used to explain the intention of the grantor. Episcopal City Mission v. Appleton, 117 Mass. 326. Sohier v. Trinity Church, 109 Mass. 1. The words “on this condition,” and in the provision relating to forfeiture in case of failure to pay when demanded, are words ordinarily used to create a condition, a breach of which will result in a forfeiture of the estate. But such will not be the effect if, taking the deeds as a whole, a contrary intention is manifested by the grantor. McElroy v. McElroy, 113 Mass. 509.
In the deed of 1844 it is recited that the real estate is conveyed in consideration in part of the grantees assenting to, agreeing and undertaking to execute "the several trusts hereinafter mentioned,”
In Rawson v. Uxbridge School District, supra, it was said, “A deed will not be construed to create an estate on condition, unless language is used which, according to the rules of law, ex proprio vigore, imports a condition, or the intent of the grantor to make a conditional estate is otherwise clearly and unequivocally indicated. Conditions subsequent aré not favored in law. If it be doubtful whether a clause in a deed be a covenant or a condition, courts of law will always incline against the latter construction. Conditions are not to be raised readily by inference or argument.”
The evidence shows that the college accepted the property and administered it in accordance with the terms of the deeds until as late as at least 1871, when David Sears died, without raising any question as to the existence of a trust, and during all this period the letters from Sears to the representatives of the college show that he assumed and understood that such a trust had been created; and the master so finds. This finding was warranted. We do not mean to intimate that the true construction of the deeds, had it been expressed in clear and certain language, could be affected by letters written afterwards by Mr. Sears. It is well settled, however, that evidence of the construction put upon deeds
As the deeds showed that the declared trusts were invalid because contrary to the rule against perpetuities, the college held with the assent of the grantor for different beneficiaries than those described in the deeds. This fact does not affect the validity of the trust. As was said by this court in the St. Paul’s Church case, 164 Mass. 188, at page 200, “Where the possession of property is held by a trustee not by virtue of any personal right or personally asserted right on his part, but is colored by a trust and confidence in virtue of which he received it, the identity of the cestui que trust is of very little importance, but the relationship is all important; and, so long as the relation of trust exists, it is a case of express trust, no matter who the cestui que trust may prove to be.” Patrick v. Simpson, 24 Q. B. D. 128. Warner v. Morse, 149 Mass. 400. Robinson v. Hook, 4 Mason, 139, 152. Cholmondeley v. Clinton, 2 Jac. & W. 1.
It is also the contention of the defendants that any use resulting to Sears, the grantor, was executed by the statute of uses into a legal estate which has long since been barred by the statute of limitations. It is well settled in this Commonwealth that, whatever the form of conveyance, a deed should be so construed as to carry out the intent of the parties unless such construction is manifestly repugnant to the terms of the grant. Dakin v. Savage, 172 Mass. 23. Carr v. Richardson, 157 Mass. 576. It is unnecessary to consider the many fine and sometimes shadowy distinctions that have been made between uses and trusts under the
The distinction between an express and an implied trust in this respect is well settled. As to an express trust, the statute will not run against the cestui que trust in favor of the trustee, unless the latter has openly and notoriously repudiated the claim of the former; while in the case of an implied trust the rule ordinarily is different. Davis v. Coburn, 128 Mass. 377. Currier v. Studley, 159 Mass. 17, 19, 20. Sawyer v. Cook, 188 Mass. 163. Lufkin v. Jakeman, 188 Mass. 528, 530. Greenfield Savings Bank v. Abercrombie, 211 Mass. 252. Allen v. Stewart, 214 Mass. 109. In the case at bar, the trust being an express, active and continuing trust, would prevent the running of the statute from the date of thé delivery of the deeds. The duties of the trustees thereunder were to collect the rents, to pay over when demanded to the cestuis que trust one half of the income, and to make investments,
The action of the trustees in collecting rents and applying them to purposes of the college was not adverse to the beneficiaries of the trust, but was in strict compliance therewith as understood by all parties in interest during the lifetime of the donor. David Sears never made demand for any of the income of the fund up to the time of his death — January 14, 1871. And the college raised no question as to the validity of those provisions of the deeds now agreed to be invalid, but assumed the existence of a trust and the validity of its provisions. Mr. Sears left several sons. The eldest, named David Sears, after the death of his father, made two demands for the payment of that portion of the income to which, assuming the provisions of the deeds of 1844 and 1847 to be valid, he was entitled. The first, made by letter dated July 10, 1872, and repeated by letter dated January 14, 1873, was afterwards waived. The second, was made by letter dated March 8, 1873, — six days before his death. No other demands were made upon the college for the payment of income until that of 1911 (hereafter spoken of) was made.
The first demand above referred to was originally contained in a letter directed to Edward Dickinson, the treasurer of the college; but it then was understood to be merely an inquiry, and was repeated later. At that time William A. Stearns was president of the college, and the letter was called to his attention. President Stearns wrote to Alpheus Hardy, a trustee of the college and a member of the finance committee, concerning the demand so made. His letter cannot be found; but one, dated January 31, 1873, evidently written by Hardy in reply, is in evidence, and states that the writer had seen Mr. Sears and that the latter “only asks,
The evidence shows that Cotting acted as real estate agent for Sears, the grantor, when the two parcels of real estate out of which this controversy arises were conveyed to the trustees. He also acted in that capacity for the college and continued so to act until his death in 1903. After the death of the grantor, Cotting, as real estate agent, represented the trustees under the twentieth clause of the will of Mr. Sears, (through whom the plaintiffs claim,) and all of Sears’s living descendants; and as previously stated, he was administrator of the estate of David Sears, Jr. Moreover, he was one of the original trustees of the trust of which the plaintiffs are members, and was its managing trustee until 1902. By reason of the various capacities in which he acted, he was without doubt thoroughly familiar with the relations between the college and the Sears family, the real estate in question, and all the parties in interest; we are satisfied that, in view of all the evidence as shown
And it is equally plain that Mr. Hardy, who during the period above referred to was a trustee of the college and a member of its finance committee and was in communication with the president of the college, as shown by the correspondence, was fully authorized to act for the trustees, with reference to the demand made by David Sears, Jr.
In view of the correspondence, the repeated conferences between Hardy, representing the college, and Sears, Jr., and with Cotting, and the entire evidence, the only reasonable inference to be drawn is that the college as early as at least the year 1873 had refused to recognize any demand made for the payment of income, and had taken the position that no one was entitled to such income other than the college itself. There is much evidence to show that Cotting, representing the Sears heirs, was inclined to agree with the view taken by the college, that it was not so chargeable. However that may be, it is plain that Cotting had notice of the position taken by the college; he had notice that no claim for income would be recognized, and that no demand therefor would be complied with, at least without litigation. It follows that there was a repudiation of the trust, and the assertion by the college of an adverse claim of which the cestuis que trust are chargeable with notice. In these circumstances, the statute of limitations began to run in favor of the trustees from the time they asserted adverse title with knowledge of the cestuis, unless the evidence shows that the college subsequently recognized the claim of the Sears heirs to demand a share of such income. St. Paul’s Church v. Attorney General, supra. Attorney General v. Federal Street Meeting-house, 3 Gray, 1, 63.
The only facts in dispute before the master related to the questions whether the plaintiffs’ demand was barred by the statute of limitations or by laches.
While it is well settled that the finding of a master, who heard the witnesses and had an opportunity to judge of their credibility, will not be set aside unless plainly wrong, that rule does not apply in this case, — where the entire admissible evidence is documen
It is the contention of the plaintiffs that the college recognized the validity of the trust as late as 1883, and that there never has been any repudiation of it. On May 29, 1875, Cotting wrote to Treasurer Dickinson, “Since the death of Mr. David Sears the younger, there may be some question as to who should receive this Income, and as to the Fund generally, will you therefore consider that the one half of the Income is demanded from time to time by the Heirs and representatives of Mr. Sears and hold it until it is determined who is entitled to receive it.” Later there was other correspondence between Cotting and Dickinson, and financial statements were sent by Dickinson to Cotting. On June 11, 1875, Hardy wrote to the president of the college as follows" “Yours of the 9th at hand. Enclosed are copies of all my letters relating to the Sears question, which is all I can say, except this, Mr. Cotting when talking with me regarding the question, after Mr. Sears’
In 1876 Dickinson wrote Cotting and sent him a statement of the account of the fund which includes the item "½ income for
In January, 1879, a new account was opened by the treasurer entitled “Sears Cash Capital and Sears Brattle Street Fund Supplement.” To this account were credited annually, one half of the income from the “Sears Cash Capital Fund” which previously had been added to the capital of that fund, and one half of the income from the “Brattle Street Fund” which previously had been added to that fund. It appears, as stated by the master, that when this new account was opened in January, 1879, there were transferred to it a sum equivalent to one half of the income of the “Sears Cash Capital Fund” for the preceding four years, and a sum equivalent to one half of the income from the “Brattle Street Fund” for the preceding four years. These items were taken from the respective income accounts of the “Sears Cash Capital Fund” and the “Brattle Street Fund,” where, for the four preceding years, they had been carried forward as income balances instead of being added as usual to capital. The new account opened in 1879, was closed out in 1883 under the direction of the trustees of the college by the following vote:
“‘Voted that the “Sears Cash Capital & Brattle Street Supplement Fund” so called, be merged with the respective funds from which it was derived according to the contributions of each, excepting such part thereof “with its accumulations” as might have been expended for current annual expenses.’ ”
The effect of the change in 1883 was to put back the items where they would have been if the new account had never been opened. There is no evidence that Mr. Cotting or the Sears heirs ever knew of the new account which was kept from 1879 to 1883; nor is there evidence that the trustees of the college authorized the opening of this account, or were aware of its existence until it was ordered closed by their vote in 1883. Annual accounts of the fund were sent by the treasurer to Cotting from 1875 until 1880 (except for the year 1879). From 1880 down to 1911 no accounts have been rendered and no demand has been made upon the college by any one, nor has any inquiry concerning the fund been made during that period. The first intimation of a claim upon
The letters written by Dickinson, as well as the bookkeeping entries made by him and the statements sent by him to Cotting, were admitted by the master subject to the exception of the defendants. All this evidence was inadmissible and should have been excluded. There is nothing to indicate that these matters were ever brought to the attention of the trustees or were known by any one authorized to act for the college. The by-laws show that Dickinson’s authority was limited. He was custodian of the moneys and securities of the college and was empowered to collect term bills and other bills, to pay salaries, and, incidentally, to keep proper books in connection therewith. He was not a trustee and had no authority to bind the college by the letters, accounts, and bookkeeping entries above referred to; and there is no evidence that his acts were ever ratified by the college. Craig Silver Co. v. Smith, 163 Mass. 262. Cook on Corp. § 717.
Apart from the Dickinson letters, bookkeeping entries, and accounts sent to Cotting (and which were improperly admitted), nothing warrants a finding that the college, since 1873, ever recognized its liability to account to the Sears heirs or any one else for any part of the trust fund. The evidence shows that during that year the college repudiated the trust, and that such action was known by Cotting who acted for the cestuis que trust. It follows that the plaintiffs’ demand has long since been barred by the statute of limitations.
There is no evidence that any accounts were rendered after 1880, or that any communication, verbal or written, was received from any one until the letter of 1909 was sent by the plaintiffs’ agent to the trustees. It therefore appears that for nearly twenty-nine years all intercourse between the parties had ceased, during which time the college had openly remained in full possession of the property and had appropriated for its own uses all the income therefrom. As the testimony offered to rebut repudiation of the trust was inadmissible, it follows that the statute of limitations began to run when in 1873 the. college denied its liability to
Aside from the statute of limitations, we are of opinion that the plaintiffs’ claim is barred by loches. No claim was made by them until 1909, no formal demand was made until 1911, and this suit was not brought until the following year. There is no evidence that the plaintiffs or their predecessors labored under any disability at any time. The testimony shows that every one who was familiar with the facts concerning the trust or matters connected therewith has deceased, that many of the corporate records, books of account, and treasurer’s books have been destroyed by fires which occurred in 1882 and 1888, that in the meantime the position of the college has been changed, and that the property has greatly increased in value. In view of these facts, and as the college has not since 1873 recognized the trust but has treated the property as if no such trust existed, and no cause appears for the great delay on the part of the plaintiffs and their predecessors in asserting their claim, they are shown to be guilty of loches, which bars them from equitable relief. Sawyer v. Cook, 188 Mass. 163. Doane v. Preston, 183 Mass. 569. Speidel v. Henrici, 120 U. S. 377, 387. Hammond v. Hopkins, 143 U. S. 224. Patterson v. Hewitt, 195 U. S. 309. Cholmondeley v. Clinton, 2 Jac. & W. 1, 175.
Although the statute of limitations and loches constitute a bar to the maintenance of the bill for the recovery of either an undivided half part of the Brattle Street property or any part of the income therefrom, it does not follow that the trust is terminated as to the Leverett Street property. That property still remains subject to a resulting trust in favor of the plaintiffs, who will not be entitled to any part of the income therefrom until the expiration of the Luther lease in 1928; it being provided in the deed from Sears to the trustees given in 1844 that the college is entitled to receive the whole of the rents from this property for the purchase of books for the college library during the term of the lease. Consequently, there never has been a time when the plaintiffs or their predecessors were entitled to recover any portion of such rents. And as the right of possession has not accrued the statutory period of limitation has not begun to run. R. L„ c. 202, §§ 20-30.
The defendants saved forty-four exceptions to the master’s
It follows that the entry must be
Bill dismissed.
The initials D S Jr are interlined above the words Mr. Sears.