656 N.Y.S.2d 762 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1997
Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Jane Solomon, J.),
The motion to stay arbitration of the claims for punitive damages and attorneys’ fees was improperly granted because the parties’ arbitration agreement did not unequivocally exclude such relief, but rather implied that these claims were arbitrable (see, Mulder v Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, 224 AD2d 125; Matter of Layne Constr. [Stratton Oakmont], 228 AD2d 45; Hamershlag, Kempner & Co. v Oestrich, 234 AD2d 172; Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith v Adler, 234 AD2d 139). We reject petitioner’s unpreserved contention that the parties’ explicit acceptance of the rules and Code of Arbitration Procedure of the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD”), which permit such relief, was necessary to a finding of arbitrability (see, Hamershlag, Kempner & Co. v Oestrich, supra).
Contrary to petitioner’s assertion, the language in the agreement stating that the "rights and liabilities” of the parties shall be determined in accordance with New York law did not amount to such an unequivocal exclusion (Matter of Layne Constr. [Stratton Oakmont], supra\ see also, Mastrobuono v Shearson Lehman Hutton, 514 US 52). Construed against its drafter, petitioner herein,
An issue of the retroactive application of our recent decisions in this area has been raised. The order appealed from was issued on May 13, 1996, and Mulder v Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette (supra), the first of these cases, was decided on October 8, 1996. Respondent moved to reargue the May 13 order in November 1996, and the IAS Court denied the motion on the grounds that Mulder should be applied prospectively only.
Traditionally, cases on direct appeal will be decided in accordance with the law as it exists at the time the appeal is decided
Before reaching any of these factors, the threshold question of whether the ruling at issue is really a new rule of law at all must be.answered (People v Favor, supra, at 262-263). A rule of law will be considered new where it overrules established precedent (see, Graham v Collins, 506 US 461), where it constitutes a sharp break in the continuity of the law, whose impact might wreak havoc on society (see, Gager v White, 53 NY2d 475, 483, cert denied sub nom. Guertin Co. v Cachat, 454 US 1086), or where it represents "a dramatic shift away from customary and established procedure” (People v Mitchell, 80 NY2d 519, 525, supra). By contrast, a ruling will not be considered new where it "merely applies previously established principles in a new factual setting or settles a question in a manner that was clearly foreshadowed” (People v Favor, supra, at 263; see also, Gurnee v Aetna Life & Cas. Co., supra, at 192; Chevron Oil Co. v Huson, 404 US 97, 106).
Under these principles, we conclude that our recent decisions in this area did not establish a new rule of law. Rather, they were clearly based on the Supreme Court’s holding in Mastrobuono (supra), and, thus, we were simply applying the relevant facts to the controlling principle of law in existence at the time. Additionally, although the Garrity rule prohibited arbitrators from awarding punitive damages, the preemptive effect of the Federal Arbitration Act (9 USC § 1 et seq. [FAA]) on inconsistent State rules was clearly foreshadowed in our own case law (see, Fletcher v Kidder, Peabody & Co., 81 NY2d 623, cert denied 510 US 993 [FAA preempts State public policy of prohibiting arbitration of unlawful discrimination claims]).
Even if our decisions were construed as establishing a new rule of law, consideration of the three Pepper-Mitchell factors convinces us that the general retroactivity rule should apply. First, our decisions clearly further the underlying purpose of the FAA, to ensure the enforceability of private arbitration
Second, petitioner’s reliance on the Garrity rule was unjustified in light of the judicial recognition of the FAA’s preemptive effect in Mastrobuono (supra), and in our own decisions (see, Fletcher v Kidder, Peabody & Co., supra; see also, Matter of Smith Barney, Harris, Upham & Co. v Luckie, 85 NY2d 193). Further undermining petitioner’s claim of reliance was the notice given to member brokerages by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the NASD, that language in customer agreements limiting the right to remedies such as punitive damages was disfavored (see, Securities and Exchange Act Release No. 26805 [1989]; NASD Notice to Members 95-16, Mar. 1995, at 102).
Third, petitioner’s assertion that retroactive application of this rule would have an adverse impact on the administration of justice is not persuasive. Its prediction of "wholesale reversals” is both exaggerated and speculative (see, People v Favor, supra, at 266).
In sum, nothing justifies a departure from the general rule that cases on direct appeal should be decided in accordance with the law as it exists at the time they are decided. Accordingly, Mulder (supra), Matter of Layne Constr. (Stratton Oakmont) (supra), Hamershlag, Kempner & Co. v Oestrich (supra), and Merrill Lynch, Pierce Fenner & Smith v Adler (supra) are the established precedent and will be followed. Concur—Ellerin, J. P., Nardelli, Rubin and Mazzarelli, JJ.
The drafter of the arbitration agreement was actually Bear Stearns, Inc., petitioner’s clearing agent. However, there is no dispute that petitioner utilized it as its own customer agreement, and that petitioner is the real party in interest here.