Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Harris, 182 F. Supp. 3d 1049

Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Harris

182 F. Supp. 3d 1049

C.D. Cal.

2016

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Docket

ORDER FOR JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF PLAINITFF

HON. MANUEL L. REAL, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

For the reasons that follow, this Court grants Americans For Prosperity Foundation’s (“AFP”) motion for a permanent injunction to enjoin the Attorney General of California from demanding its Schedule B form. After conducting a full bench trial, this Court finds the Attorney General’s Schedule B disclosure requirement unconstitutional as-applied to AFP.

Plaintiff AFP is a non-profit corporation organized under Internal Revenue, Code section 501(c)(3) that funds its activities by raising charitable contributions frоm donors throughout the country, including in California. California state law requires charitable organizations, such as AFP, to file a copy of its IRS Form 990, including its Schedule B, with the State Registry. See e.g., Cal. Code Regs. tit. 11, § 301. An organization’s Schedule B includes all the names and addresses of every individual nationwide who donated more than $5,000 to the charity during a given tax year. While a nonprofit’s federal tax return, IRS Form 990, must be made available to the public, an organization’s Schedule B does nоt. 26 U.S.C. § 6104(b), (d)(3)(A).

Since 2001, AFP has filed its Form 990 as part of its periodic reporting with the Attorney General, without including its Schedule B. For each year from 2001 through 2010, the Attorney General accepted AFP’s registration renewal and listed AFP as an active charity in compliance with the law. In a letter dated March 7, 2013, the Attorney General declared AFP’s 2011 filing incomplete because it did not include the organization’s unredacted Schedule B. In December 2014, AFP brought the present aсtion seeking an order preliminarily enjoining the Attorney General from demanding its Schedule B. Among other claims, AFP argued that the California law requiring disclosure of its Schedule B to the Attorney General was facially unconstitutional. AFP also argued that the disclosure requirement was unconstitutional as-applied to it.

On February 23, 2015, this Court granted AFP’s motion for preliminary injunction, finding that the Plaintiff had raised serious questions going to the merits of its case and demonstrated that the balance of hardships sharply favored Plaintiff. That decision was appealed by the Attorney General and remanded by the Ninth Circuit. Americans for Prosperity Found. v. Harris, 809 F.3d 536 (9th Cir.2015). In its remand, the Ninth Circuit held that this Court is bound by its previous decision in Center for Competitive Politics v. Harris, 784 F.3d 1307, 1317 (9th Cir.2015)—that the Attorney General’s nonpublic Schedule B disclosure regime was not facially unconstitutional. Americans for Prosperity Found., 809 F.3d at 538. The Ninth Circuit did, however, instruct this Court to have a trial on the as-applied challenge. Id. at 543.

Although AFP argues that this Court is not bound by the Ninth Circuit’s prior rulings on its facial challenge since the record before the Court is much denser now than it was then, the “strong medicine” of facial invalidation need not and generally should not be administered when the statute under attack is unconstitutional as-applied to the challenger before the court. See U.S. v. Stevens, 559 U.S. 460, 482-88, 130 S.Ct. 1577, 176 L.Ed.2d 435 (2010) (Alito, J., dissenting). Accordingly, the Court focuses solely on AFP’s as-applied challenge.

Courts review First Amendment challenges to disclosure ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍requirements under an “exacting scrutiny” standard. John Doe No. 1 v. Reed, 561 U.S. 186, 187, 130 S.Ct. 2811, 177 L.Ed.2d 493 (2010); Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 366, 130 S.Ct. 876, 175 L.Ed.2d 753 (2010). Exacting scrutiny “requires a ‘substantial relation’ between the disclosure requirement and a ‘sufficiently important’ governmental interest.” This encompasses a balancing test. In order for a government action to survive exacting scrutiny, “the strength of the governmental interest must reflect the seriousness of the actual burden on First Amendment rights.” John Doe No. 1, 561 U.S. at 196, 130 S.Ct. 2811.

A. Strength of Governmental Interest

Defendant argues that the state law requiring that all charities file a complete copy of IRS Form 990 Schedule B places no actual burden on First Amendment rights and is substantially related to the Attorney General’s compelling interest in enforcing the law and protecting the public. Before the Ninth Circuit, as well as this Court, the Attorney General has claimed that her use for Schedule B information is compelling since that information reveals not just how much revenue a charity receives, but also who is donating it and how it is being donated. Additionally, the Attorney General claims that such information allows her to determine whether an organization has violated the law, including laws against self-dealing, improper loans, interested persons, or illegal or unfair business practices. The Court finds two issues with this stated purpose. First, over the course of trial, the Attorney General was hard pressed to find a single witness who could corroborate the necessity of Schedule B forms in conjunction with their office’s investigations. And second, even assuming arguendo that this information does genuinely assist in the Attorney General’s investigations, its disclosure demand of Schedule B is more burdensome than necessary.

i. Sufficiently Important Governmental Interest

Although Center for Competitive Politics found that the Attorney General’s “disclosure requirement bears a ‘substantial relation’ to a ‘sufficiently important’ government interest,” this Court, unlike the Ninth Circuit, had the benefit of holding a bench trial in the matter and was left unconvinced that the Attorney General actually needs Schedule B forms to effectively conduct its investigations. 784 F.3d at 1317 (quoting Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 366, 130 S.Ct. 876). As a threshold matter, the record is undisputed that AFP has been registered with the Attorney General since 2001 and has never included a Schedule B with its annual filings. For each year from 2001 through 2010, the Attorney General accepted AFP’s annual registration and listed the foundation as an active charity in compliance with the law. It was not until 2013 that the Attorney General first notified AFP that its 2011 filing was incomplete because of the lack of Schedule B. The only logical explanation for why AFP’s ‘lack of complianсe’ went unnoticed for over a decade is that the Attorney General does not use the Schedule B in its day-to-day business. In fact, such an admission was made by David Eller, the Registrar for the Registry of Charitable Trusts in the Department of Justice. (Eller Test. 3/3/16 Vol. II, p. 75:16-20). As for the investigative unit of the Charitable Trusts Section, trial testimony confirmed that auditors and attorneys seldom use Schedule B when auditing or investigating charities. Steven Bauman, a supervising investigative auditor for the Attorney Gеneral, testified that out of the approximately 540 investigations conducted over the past ten years in the Charitable Trusts Section, only five instances involved the use of a Schedule B. (Bauman Test. 3/4/16, p. 22:4-23:25). In fact, as to those five investigations identified, the Attorney General’s investigators could not recall whether they had unredacted Schedule Bs on file before initiating the investigation. And even in instances where a Schedule B was relied on, the relevant information it contained could have been obtained from, other sources. (Bauman Test. 3/4/16, p. 31:8-32:10).

ii. Narrowly Tailored

The Attorney General argues that exacting scrutiny does not require the least restrictive means. This contention is supported by the Ninth Circuit’s previous review in this case. Americans for Prosperity Found., 809 F.3d at 541. However, the court only references Chula Vista Citizens for Jobs & Fair Competition v. Norris for such a position. 782 F.3d 520, 541 (9th Cir.2015). In Chula Vista, association members alleged that the city’s elector and petition-proponent disclosure requirements for ballot initiatives violated their .First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and association. The Ninth Circuit upheld these disclosure requirements after weighing the government’s interests in the integrity of the electoral process and the public’s informational interest against the relatively small burden imposed on the association members’ First Amendment rights. Id. at 538.

In the context of elections and campaign finance disclosure laws, which have been the majority of cases in recent years applying exacting scrutiny, unique consideratiоns apply that specifically shape and define the application of exacting scrutiny. See Ctr. for Competitive Politics, 784 F.3d at 1312 n. 2 (“most of the cases in which we and the Supreme Court have applied exacting scrutiny arise in the electoral context”); e.g., Citizens United, 558 U.S. 310, 130 S.Ct. 876; John Doe No. 1, 561 U.S. 186, 130 S.Ct. 2811; Davis v. FEC, 554 U.S. 724, 128 S.Ct. 2759, 171 L.Ed.2d 737 (2008); Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 96 S.Ct. 612, 46 L.Ed.2d 659 (1976); Family PAC v. McKenna, 685 F.3d 800 (9th Cir.2012); Human Life of Wash., Inc. v. Brumsickle, 624 F.3d 990 (9th Cir.2010). There are such substantial governmental interests in “providing] the electorate with information” about the sources of election-related spending, in “deter[ring] actual corruption,” in “avoiding] the appearance of corruption,” and in “gathering the data necessary to detect violations of ... contribution limits,” that the Supreme Court has held that campaign-finance disclosure requirements are per se “the least restrictive means” of achieving the government’s interests. Buckley, 424 U.S. at 66-68, 96 S.Ct. 612. Because disclosure requirements are inherently the least restrictive means of achieving the state’s aims in the electoral context, the Ninth Circuit ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍has held that in cases challenging mandatory disclosures in the electoral context “exacting scrutiny is not a least-restrictive-means test.” Chula Vista, 782 F.3d at 541. That holding is properly limited to the electoral context. In the context of associational rights, however, “even though the governmental purpose [may] be legitimate and substantial, that purpose cannot be pursued by means that broadly stifle fundamental personal liberties when the end can be more narrowly achieved.” Louisiana v. NAACP, 366 U.S. 293, 296, 81 S.Ct. 1333, 6 L.Ed.2d 301 (1961).

Here, like in NAACP, even assuming the Attоrney General presented a sufficiently important governmental interest, its interests can be more narrowly achieved as evidenced by the testimony of the Attorney General’s own attorneys. During trial, the Attorney General’s investigators testified that they have successfully completed their investigations without using Schedule Bs, even in instances where they knew Schedule Bs were missing. For example, Mr. Bauman testified that he has reviewed Form 990s in connection with audits that did not include Schedule Bs. (Bauman Test. 3/4/16, p. 27:12-14). Specifically, he admitted that he successfully audited those charities and found wrongdoing without the use of Schedule Bs. (Id. at 27:18-23). In fact, Mr. Bauman admitted that he successfully audited charities for years before the Schedule B even existed. (Bauman Dep., TX-731, p. 49:2-15). It is clear that the Attorney General’s purported Schedule B submission requirement demonstrably played no role in advancing the Attorney General’s law enforcement gоals for the past ten years. The record before the Court lacks even a single, concrete instance in which pre-investi-gation collection of a Schedule B did anything to advance the Attorney General’s investigative, regulatory or enforcement efforts. If heightened scrutiny means anything, it at least requires the Government to convincingly show that its demands are substantially related to a compelling interest, including by being narrowly tailored to ■achieve that interest. While this Court cannot find such a disclosure requirement facially invalid, it is prepared to find it unconstitutional as-applied to AFP, especially in light of the requirement’s burdens on AFP’s First Amendment rights. . .

B. Actual Burden on First Amendment Rights

Setting aside the Attorney General’s failure to establish a substantial relationship between her demand for AFP’s Schedule B and a compelling governmental interest, AFP would independently prevail on its as-applied challenge because it has proven thаt disclosing its Schedule B to the Attorney General would create a burden on its First Amendment rights. While the Ninth Circuit in Center for Competitive Politics foreclosed any facial challenge to the Schedule B requirement, it specifically left open the possibility that a party could show “’a reasonable probability that the compelled disclosure of [its] contributors’ names will subject them to threats, harassment, or reprisal from either Government officials or private parties’ that would warrant relief on an as-applied challenge.” 784 F.3d at 1317 (quoting McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93, 199, 124 S.Ct. 619, 157 L.Ed.2d 491 (2003)). As the Supreme Court has held, unfounded speculation, conclusory statements, fear, and uncertainty untethered to the requirement at issue are insufficient. Buckley, 424 U.S. at 64, 69, 71-72, 96 S.Ct. 612. However, “[a] strict requirement that chill and harassment be directly attributable to the specific disclosure from which the exemption is sought would make the task even more difficult.” Id. at 74, 96 S.Ct. 612. Examples of the type of evidence sufficient to succeed on an as-applied challenge include past or present harassment of members due to their associational ties, or of harassment directed against the organization itself, or a pattern of threats or specific manifestations of public hostility. Id. This Court is more than satisfied that such a showing was made at trial.

During the course of trial, the Court heard ample evidence establishing that AFP, its employees, supporters and donors face public threats, harassment, intimidation, and retaliation once their support for and affiliation with the organization becomes publicly known. For example, Lucas Hilgemann, Chief Executive Officer of AFP, testified that in 2013, the security-staff of AFP alerted him that a technology contractor working inside AFP headquarters posted online that he was “inside the belly of the beast” and that he could easily walk into Mr. Hilgemann’s office and slit his throat. (Hilgemann Test. 2/23/16 Vol. I, p. 57:2-14). That individual was also found in AFP’s parking garage, taking pictures of employees’ license places. (Id. at 57:15-23). Another witness and major donor, Art Pope, testified about an AFP event in Washington D.C. in 2011. Mr. Pope testified that after protestors attempted to enter the building and disrupt the event, they began to push and shove AFP guests to keep them inside of the building. (Pope Test. 2/24/16 Vol. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍II, p. 47:7-15). Mr. Pope attempted to help a woman in a wheelchair exit the building; however the protestors had blocked their path. (Pope Test. 2/25/16 Vol. I, p. 21:20-22:12). Once they finally exited the building, they still had to go through a hostile crowd that was shouting, yelling and pushing. (Id. at 22:22-23:2). At another event in Wisconsin, after speaking to a crowd of AFP supporters, Mr. Hilgemann was threatened by a protestor who used multiple slurs and spit in Mr. Hilgemann’s face. (Hilgemann Test. 2/23/16 Vol. I, p. 48:12-49:15). Again, at another event in Michigan where’ an AFP tent was set up, several hundred protestors surrounded the tent and used knives and box-cutters to cut at the ropes of tent, eventually causing the large teht 'to collapse with AFP supporters still inside. (Id. at 50:16-51:25).

The Court also heard from Mark Holden, General Counsel for Koch Industries, who testified that Charles and David Koch, two of AFP’s most high-profile associates, have faced threats, attacks, and harassment, including death threats. (Holden Test. 2/23/16 Vol. II, p. 30:17-35:13). Not only have these threats been made to the Koch brothers because'of their ties with AFP, but death threats have also been made against their families, including their grandchildren. (Id. at 31:3-10). Mr. Pope has faced similar death threats due to his affiliation with AFP and has even encountered boycotts of his nationwide stores, Variety Wholesalers. (Pope Test. 2/24/16 Vol. II, p. 22:8-15, 29:5-17). In December 2013, about 130 protestors picketed in front of his stores, in part, because of his affiliation with AFP. (Id. 32:24-33:2). As a result of these boycotts, threats, and exposure, Mr. Pope testified that he considered stopping funding or providing support to AFP. (Id. at 50:1-3).

The Court can keep listing all the examples of threats and harassment presented at trial; however, in light of these threats, protests, boycotts, reprisals, and harassment directed at those individuals publically associated with AFP, the Court finds that AFP supporters have been subjected to abuses that warrant relief on an as-applied challenge. And although the Attorney General correctly points out that such abuses arе not as violent or pervasive as those encountered in NAACP v. Alabama or other cases from that era, this Court is not prepared to wait until an AFP opponent carries out one of the numerous death threats made against its members.

II.

A final argument to consider by the Attorney General is that its office is only seeking disclosure of AFP’s Schedule B for nonpublic use and therefore there is no potential for public targeting of private donors; however, the Attorney General’s inability to keep confidential Schedule Bs private is of serious concern. In its previous order remanding this case, the Ninth Circuit found that “plaintiffs [ ] have raised serious questions as to whether the Attorney General’s current policy actually prevents public disclosure.” Americans for Prosperity Found., 809 F.3d at 542. As made abundantly clear during trial, the Attorney General has systematically failed to maintain the confidentiality of Schedule B forms.

Pursuant to the Attorney General’s purported confidentiality policy, Schedule Bs should never be accessible through its Registry’s public website. The Attorney General’s Registry receives more than 60,-000 renewal filings each year, 90% of which are paper filings. Once the Registry receives these filings, it is supposed to scan and then electronically store the documents, separately tagging confidential documents such as Schedule Bs. Kevis Foley, former Registrar, testified at her deposition that separating оut Schedule Bs and other confidential materials from public filings is “very tedious, very boring work” and that “there is room for errors to be made.” (Foley Dep. TX-734, p. 174:8-21). While human error can sometimes be unavoidable, the amount of careless mistakes made by the Attorney General’s Registry is shocking.

During the course of this litigation, AFP conducted a search of the Attorney General’s public website and discovered over 1,400 publically available Schedule Bs. (TX-56). Within 24 hours, all of thоse confidential documents were removed from the Registry’s website. (TX-736, p. 107:12-15). Just one example of the Attorney General’s inadvertent disclosures was the Schedule B for Planned Parenthood Affiliates of California. The Attorney General was made aware that the Registry had pub-lically posted Planned Parenthood’s confidential Schedule B, which included all the names and addresses of hundreds of donors. (TX-131). An investigator for the Attorney General admitted that “posting that kind of information publically could be very damaging to Planned Parenthood...” (Johns Test. 2/25/16 Vol. II, p. 41:18-21). All told, AFP identified 1,778 confidential Schedule Bs that the Attorney General had publically posted on the Registry’s website, including 38 which were discovered the day before this trial. (McClave Test. 2/24/16 Vol. I, p. 27:6-32:17). The pervasive, recurring pattern of uncontained Schedule B disclosures—a pattern that has persisted even during this'trial—is irreconcilable with the Attorney General’s assurances and contentions as to the confidentiality of Schedule Bs collected by the Registry.

The Attorney General has continuously maintained that the Registry is underfunded, understaffed, and underequipped when it comes to the policy surrounding Schedule Bs. The current Registrar effectively acknowledges that the Registry’s approach to maintaining the supposed confidentiality of Schedule Bs ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍have been indefensible. Not only did he admit that information has been imрroperly classified, which would make it available to the public, but he also conceded that the Registry has more work to do before it can get a handle on maintaining confidentiality. (Eller Test. 3/3/16 Vol. II, p. 95:7-11).

While the Attorney General will have this Court believe that proper procedures are now in place to prevent negligent disclosures of Schedule Bs, the Court is unconvinced. Once a confidential Schedule B has been publically disseminаted via the internet, there is no way to meaningfully restore confidentiality. Given the extensive disclosures of Schedule Bs, even after explicit promises to keep them confidential, the Attorney, General’s current approach to confidentiality obviously and profoundly risks disclosure of any Schedule B the Registry may obtain from AFP. Accordingly, the Court finds against the Attorney General on the alternative grounds that her current confidentiality policy cаnnot effectively avoid inadvertent disclosure.

III.

Because AFP has prevailed on its First Amendment as-applied challenge, it is entitled to declaratory and in-junctive relief. Equitable relief has long been recognized as appropriate to prevent government officials from acting unconstitutionally. Free Enter. Fund v. Pub. Co. Accounting Oversight Bd., 561 U.S. 477, 491 n. 2, 130 S.Ct. 3138, 177 L.Ed.2d 706 (2010) (quoting Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 74, 122 S.Ct. 515, 151 L.Ed.2d 456 (2001)). Injunctive relief is particularly appropriate to prevent state officials from violating the First Amendment by compelling the disclosurе of the names of an organization’s supporters. See Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Comm. (Ohio), 459 U.S. 87, 101-02, 103 S.Ct. 416, 74 L.Ed.2d 250 (1982); Louisiana v. NAACP, 366 U.S. at 297, 81 S.Ct. 1333.

A “plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must satisfy a four-factor test before a court may grant such relief.” eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006). Specifically, the plaintiff “must demonstrate: (1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3)' that considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction.” Id. Each of these factors weighs in favor of an injunction here.

AFP has suffered irreparable harm. The Attorney General’s requirement that AFP submit its Schedule B chills the exercise of its donor’s First Amendment freedoms to speak anonymously and to engage in expressive association. Among other things, plaintiffs have demonstrated that the Schedule B disclosure requirement places donors in fear of exercising their First Amendment right to support AFP’s expressive activity; the effect then is to diminish the amount of expressive and associational activity by AFP. Moreover, if AFP refuses to comply with the Attorney General’s Schedule B submission requirement, the Attorney General has threatened to cancel its charitable registration, which would preclude it from exercising its First Amendment right to solicit funds in California. Any “loss of First Amendment freedoms ... unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury.” Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373, 96 S.Ct. 2673, 49 L.Ed.2d 547 (1976) (plurality opinion); accord, e.g., Doe v. Harris, 772 F.3d 563, 583 (9th Cir.2014); Valle Del Sol Inc. v. Whiting, 709 F.3d 808, 828 (9th Cir.2013); Sanders Cnty. Republican Cent. Comm. v. Bullock, 698 F.3d 741, 748 (9th Cir.2012); Farris v. Seabrook, 677 F.3d 858, 868 (9th Cir.2012); Thalheimer v. City of San Diego, 645 F.3d 1109, 1128 (9th Cir.2011). In particular, the government causes “irreparable injury” when, as here, it places individuals “in fear of exercising their constitutionally protected rights of free expression, assembly, and association.” Allee v. Medrano, 416 U.S. 802, 814-15, 94 S.Ct. 2191, 40 L.Ed.2d 566 (1974).

Additionally, AFP’s irreparable First Amendment injuries cannot adequately be compensated by damages or any other remedy available at law. Unlike a monetary injury, violations of the First Amendment “cannot be adequately rеmedied through damages.” Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1138 (9th Cir.2009).

The balance of hardships also favors granting an injunction. Once AFP’s donor information is disclosed, it cannot be clawed back. Thus, if the Attorney General is allowed to compel AFP to disclose its Schedule B, the ensuing intimidation and harassment of AFP’s donors, and resulting chilling effect on First Amendment rights, cannot be undone. See Hollingsworth v. Perry, 558 U.S. 183, 196, 130 S.Ct. 705, 175 L.Ed.2d 657 (2010). By contrast, the Attorney General has offered no evidence that she will suffer injury if AFP does not produce its Schedule B. The Attornеy General does not review Schedule Bs upon collection and virtually never uses them to investigate wrongdoing. Indeed, the Attorney General has gone without AFP’s ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍Schedule Bs for over a decade, yet she has demonstrated no harm from not possessing it. Balancing the disclosure requirement’s burden on First Amendment interests against any negligible burden that an injunction might impose, it is clear that the balance of hardships supports enjoining the Attorney General.

Finally, the public interest favors an injunction. As the Ninth Circuit has “consistently recognized,” there is a “significant public interest in upholding First Amendment principles.” Doe v. Harris, 772 F.3d 563, 683 (9th Cir.2014) (quoting Sammartano v. First Judicial Dist. Court, 303 F.3d 959, 974 (9th Cir.2002)); accord, e.g., Thalheimer, 645 F.3d at 1129; Klein v. City of San Clemente, 584 F.3d 1196, 1208 (9th Cir.2009). In sum, the four-factor test establishes that injunctive relief is appropriate to bar the Attorney General from demanding Schedule Bs from AFP as part of their annual registration renewal. Brown, 459 U.S. at 101-02, 103 S.Ct. 416; Louisiana v. NAACP, 366 U.S. at 297, 81 S.Ct. 1333.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Attorney General is Permanently Enjoined from Requiring AFP to File with the Registry a Periodic Written Report Containing a Copy of its Schedule B to IRS Form 990. AFP Shall No Longer Be Considered Deficient or Delinquent in its Reporting Requirement because it Does Not File its Confidential Schedule B with the Attorney General, Each Party Shall Bear its Own Costs.

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