NOTICE: Fourth Circuit Local Rule 36(c) states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Fourth Circuit.
AMERICAN TANK TRANSPORT, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
FIRST PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY FEDERAL CREDIT UNION; Paul C.
Herring, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 95-1303.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued: February 1, 1996.
Decided: May 20, 1996.
ARGUED: Ransom J. Davis, DANEKER, McINTIRE & DAVIS, P.C., Baltimore, MD, for Appellant. James Patrick Ulwick, KRAMON & GRAHAM, P.A., Baltimore, MD, for Appellee Herring; Francis Joseph Nealon, BALLARD, SPAHR, ANDREWS & INGERSOLL, Washington, DC, for Appellee Credit Union. ON BRIEF: Constantine G. Panagopoulos, Jeffrey W. Larroca, BALLARD, SPAHR, ANDREWS & INGERSOLL, Washington, DC, for Appellee Credit Union.
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, HAMILTON, Circuit Judge, and STAMP, Chief United States District Judge for the Northern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
American Tank Transport, Inc. ("ATT") seeks review of the district court's order granting summary judgment in favor of Paul C. Herring ("Herring") and dismissing ATT's claims against First People's Community Federal Credit Union ("First People's"). On appeal, ATT alleges that because the district court refused to consider transcripts of witness testimony taken before a state grand jury as part of the evidence presented in opposition to Herring's summary judgment motion, because discovery in this action was not reasonably complete, and because there were numerous issues of material fact to be resolved by a jury, the district court improperly granted summary judgment in favor of Herring. Further, ATT alleges that the district court erred when it granted the dismissal of ATT's claims against First People's pursuant to the Colorado River doctrine of abstention. Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States,
* ATT carried casualty insurance through an insurance agency known as Holzshu-Welch & Associates, Inc. ("Holzshu-Welch"). In the spring of 1991, it was discovered that Holzshu-Welch employees, including the vice president of Holzshu-Welch, Donald Helmick, and an employee of ATT, Donald Hagermann, were operating a scheme to defraud ATT of its insurance premiums. As part of this scheme, Donald Helmick fraudulently handled and misappropriated casualty insurance premium money paid by ATT to Holzshu-Welch. Helmick perpetrated this fraud by engaging in a variety of improper transactions at First People's, the credit union at which Holzshu-Welch held numerous business accounts. These transactions included fraudulently splitting deposits of the monthly premium payments made by ATT and forging endorsements on checks drawn to the order of various insurance clients of Holzshu-Welch and then depositing the checks into Helmick's personal account at First People's. ATT alleges that Herring, First Peoples president, knew of the fraud, acquiesced in it and cooperated with Helmick in continuing the fraudulent scheme.
A number of criminal and civil actions were instituted as a result of the fraudulent activities of Helmick, Hagermann and HolzshuWelch. First, the State of Maryland brought criminal charges against Helmick and Hagermann on various counts of fraud and theft. Helmick and Hagermann pleaded guilty to those counts in the Circuit Court of Allegany County, Maryland in September 1991 and January 1992, respectively. In April 1993, a second criminal indictment was returned in the State of Maryland against Herring and two other First People's employees, charging them with numerous counts of conspiracy, theft and breach of fiduciary duty. The Circuit Court of Allegany County held that the grand jury proceedings from which evidence against Herring and his codefendants was obtained were illegal and, accordingly, that the evidence obtained from the improper proceedings could not be used in the State's case against them. Subsequently, the state attorney dismissed the case against Herring and the other named defendants for lack of evidence.
In December 1991, ATT filed a civil suit against First People's in the Circuit Court of Allegany County alleging conversion, constructive fraud, breach of the Maryland Uniform Fiduciary Act, and civil conspiracy and seeking an accounting from First People's. Although subject to a stay pending the outcome of this case, ATT's action against First People's is still pending before the Allegany County Circuit Court.
In March 1993, ATT filed a civil action in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland against Holzshu-Welch, the owners and officers of Holzshu-Welch, affiliated companies, Donald Helmick and Donald Hagermann. In February 1994, ATT moved to amend its complaint in the pending federal action to add First People's and Herring as defendants. The district court denied ATT's motion, noting that ATT had brought suit against First People's in the Circuit Court for Allegany County based upon the same set of facts and allegations contained in the federal suit. Simultaneously, ATT filed this action against Herring and First People's alleging against First People's constructive fraud, a breach of the Maryland Uniform Fiduciary Act, negligence, and a violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968 ("RICO"), and alleging against Herring, constructive fraud, negligence, conversion, civil conspiracy, and a RICO violation.
In this action, Herring filed a motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment, alleging that ATT had failed to show any evidence of Herring's knowing involvement in Helmick's and Holzshu-Welch's scheme to defraud. Additionally, First People's filed a motion to dismiss, requesting that the district court abstain from exercising federal jurisdiction over First People's based upon the Colorado River abstention doctrine. Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States,
ATT filed a response in opposition to both motions. To support its position that Herring was knowingly involved in the scheme to defraud, ATT relied upon a number of transcripts of grand jury witness testimony obtained from the previously dismissed state criminal action against Herring. These transcripts were released to ATT through a motion filed by the State Attorney General and granted by the Allegany County Circuit Court.
When Herring discovered that ATT was relying on the grand jury transcripts, Herring objected to the use of the transcripts because they were allegedly obtained by ATT in violation of the Maryland Rules of Criminal Procedure. Specifically, Herring argued that the state court released the grand jury transcripts in violation of Maryland Rule of Criminal Procedure 4-642(c) which requires that a court notify the parties to a judicial proceeding when the prosecution petitions the court for the release of grand jury materials. Md. R.Crim. Pro. 4-642. Herring asked the district court to find that the transcripts were inadmissible in the federal action and advised the district court and ATT that he would seek an order from the state court to recall the release of the grand jury transcripts.
Herring then filed a motion before the Allegany County Circuit Court asking it to reconsider its decision to release the grand jury materials which had been used by ATT in its response to Herring's motion for summary judgment. While ATT did not respond to this motion in the state court, the motion was opposed by the State Attorney General. In December 1994, the Circuit Court of Allegany County granted Herring's motion for reconsideration and recalled the grand jury materials. As part of the order recalling the grand jury materials, the Circuit Court ordered that "persons with knowledge of information contained in such grand jury materials are prohibited from further disclosure thereof...." (Order, State of Maryland v. Paul C. Herring, No. 3775 Crim. Trials, Cir. Ct. Allegany Co., Md., Judge J. Frederick Sharer, Dec. 6, 1994.)
Approximately one month after the entry of the state court's order, the federal district court granted Herring's motion for summary judgment. The district court noted that no additional discovery was needed in this action because substantially identical suits involving virtually identical parties were pending in both the state and the federal court and that ATT had conducted extensive discovery in the concurrent federal suit and had previously had ample opportunity to conduct discovery in the state suit.1 In accordance with the state court's order recalling the grand jury transcripts, the district court did not consider the transcripts in its decision.2 Further, consistent with its decision that no additional discovery was needed, the district court granted summary judgment without allowing the parties to conduct any additional discovery on matters addressed by the grand jury transcripts. Further, the district court granted First People's motion to dismiss, invoking the Colorado River doctrine of abstention. The district court found that abstention was proper because the pending state court action between ATT and First People's was sufficiently parallel with the federal action, abstention would avoid piecemeal litigation between the parties, the state action was pending for more than two years before the filing of the federal action, the state action had progressed substantially further than the federal action and ATT appeared to have filed the federal action to subvert the effect of adverse rulings in the state action.3
II
We have carefully considered the briefs and oral argument of the parties and those portions of the record pertinent to the various arguments. Having done so, we find no reversible error in the opinion and decision of the district court. However, we find that the district court's decision to exclude the recalled grand jury materials from its consideration of the evidence submitted upon the summary judgment
motion4 poses an important comity question that merits further discussion.
With regard to questions of comity5 and the duty of a federal court to honor state court rulings, courts have noted that "[p]rinciples of comity suggest that a federal court give full recognition to a state court's adjudication of state law issues." Weir by and through Weir v. Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.,
Additionally, other courts have indicated the importance of deferring, whenever possible, to state court decisions on matters related to its own procedural issues. "[A] strong policy of comity between state and federal sovereignties impels federal courts to recognize [a state rule] where this can be accomplished at no substantial cost to federal substantive and procedural policy." Lora v. Board of Educ.,
With regard to our own opinions on the comity question posed by the disclosure of state grand jury materials, we have previously stated that "[courts] are bound by principles of comity to accord state grand jury proceedings at least a qualified privilege." United States v. Silva,
Other courts, however, have addressed the question of whether a federal court has the power to release grand jury materials. For example, in Resolution Trust Corp. v. Castellett,
In its analysis of the cases addressing this issue, the district court in Resolution Trust Corp. reviewed a case from the Tenth Circuit, Woodard v. Tynan ("Tynan I"),
In Judge McWilliams' dissent in Tynan I, he discussed the importance of comity to the relationship between state and federal courts:
[t]he result reached by the majority opinion points toward an unwarranted intrusion by the federal judiciary into a state court proceeding ... [F]or the federal district court to compel the defendants in the instant case to go into state court and consent to a release of the records would be an unwarranted intrusion by the federal judiciary into a state court proceeding ... [A] state court protective order is entitled to the respect of the federal courts. State court judgments are entitled to such "full faith and credit in every court within the United States ... as they have by law and usage in the courts of such state." ... As stated by the U.S. Supreme Court, "[t]he federal courts ... have ... consistently accorded preclusive effect to issues decided by state courts, noting that such a practice promote[s] the comity between state and federal courts that has been recognized as a ball work of the federal system" ... [T]he decision[ ] of the ... trial court ... holding that the records are grand jury materials entitled to secrecy, should be respected by the federal courts.
Tynan I,
In Tynan II, the Tenth Circuit granted a rehearing en banc "because [the] case appeared to raise important questions under the supremacy and full faith and credit clauses of the United States Constitution." Tynan II,
In addition to considering the Tenth Circuit's opinions in Tynan I and Tynan II, the court in Resolution Trust Corp., supra, further reviewed two additional district court cases that examine the issue of comity in relation to the power of a federal court to compel the disclosure of state grand jury transcripts. First, the court examined Shell v. Wall,
Second, the Resolution Trust Corp. court reviewed Stump v. Gates,
We find that the opinions in Resolution Trust Corp., Shell, Tynan II and in Judge McWilliams' dissent in Tynan I, are particularly instructive in guiding our decision in this case. Although this case does not present a situation in which a federal court compelled a state court to release grand jury materials, but rather involves a federal court's decision to honor a state court order recalling such materials after their release, the comity issue raised by this situation is essentially identical to that raised in the above mentioned cases and should be resolved in the same manner. We find that the facts in this case are such that it was proper, and probably necessary, for the district court to have acknowledged and honored the state courts ruling recalling the grand jury materials. First, the state court ruled upon the application of its own criminal rules governing the release of grand jury materials. Federal courts have indicated that state court rulings on their own procedural matters are due a significant amount of deference. Further, from the moment the state court issued its recall order, it clearly indicated its unwillingness to voluntarily allow any use of the grand jury materials. In similar situations in Resolution Trust Corp. and Shell, those courts held that the court could not compel the release of grand jury materials absent the state's voluntarily compliance.
Additionally, by asking the district court to ignore the state court's recall order, ATT essentially asked the district court to act as a state appellate court and overturn the state courts ruling. We agree with the opinions in Resolution Trust Corp. and Shell that it would be improper for a federal court to act as a state appellate court and over rule a state court decision concerning state criminal procedures. In this case, if the district court had considered the grand jury materials after the recall order, it would have impermissibly intruded into the province of the state appellate courts to review questions concerning state procedural matters. Finally, our commentary in Silva where we noted that, generally, only the court with jurisdiction over the grand jury has the authority to compel disclosure, provides additional support for our opinion that the district court properly abstained from considering the recalled materials because it did not have jurisdiction over the state grand jury.7
Accordingly, we find that, on the facts of this case, the district court's decision to respect the state court's recall order and thereby exclude the grand jury transcripts from the consideration of the evidence upon the summary judgment motion was in accordance with our basic principles of comity and federalism.
AFFIRMED
Notes
The district court found that ATT's challenge to summary judgment on the basis that there was a need for more discovery was, in effect, a Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f) objection. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f) permits a court to deny summary judgment or order a continuance in a case where the party opposing the motion sets forth by affidavit the reasons why that party is unable to present facts essential to justify its opposition. The district court found, however, that an affidavit is not necessary to lodge an effective Rule 56(f) objection, citing our unpublished opinion of Phillips v. General Motors Corp.,
While we agree that ATT's argument in opposition to summary judgment on inadequate discovery grounds was without merit, we find that ATT's Rule 56(f) challenge must also fail on procedural grounds because ATT failed to provide the district court with a Rule 56(f) affidavit. Nguyen v. CNA Corp.,
In a footnote, the district court stated that Almost all of the evidence that ATT presents in opposition to summary judgment consists of transcripts of the Grand Jury testimonies of the tellers at First People's. Herring specifically objected to the use of these Grand Jury transcripts based on their improper release. The Allegany County Circuit Court has now held that these transcripts were in fact improperly released to ATT, and has ordered counsel to return them. Based on this ruling, it appears that the Grand Jury transcripts were not properly before this Court. Therefore, the Court will decline to consider them in resolving the pending motion
(Memorandum Opinion, American Tank Transport, Inc. v. First People's Community Federal Credit Union, Civ. Action No. HAR94-459 (D.Md. Jan. 11, 1995) p. 8.)
We find that the district court properly applied the Colorado River doctrine of abstention. However, the doctrine itself bears repeating. Under exceptional circumstances, a district may abstain from adjudicating a controversy before it "for reasons of wise judicial administration." Colorado River,
Evidentiary rulings in the context of a summary judgment motion are reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Supermarket of Marlington, Inc. v. Meadow Gold Dairies, Inc.,
The Supreme Court has defined "comity" as
a proper respect for state functions, a recognition of the fact that the entire country is made up of a Union of separate governments, and a continuance of the belief that the National Government will fare best if the States and their institutions are left free to perform their separate functions in their separate ways.... [T]he concept ... represent[s] ... a system in which there is sensitivity to the legitimate interests of both State and National Governments and in which the National Government, anxious though it may be to vindicate and protect federal rights and federal interests, always endeavors to do so in ways that will not unduly interfere with legitimate activities of the States.
Younger v. Harris,
It is important to note that our discussion of the comity questions intertwined with this case in no way addresses or questions the propriety of the Supreme Court's three-party test enunciated in Douglas Oil Corp. for deciding whether disclosure of grand jury transcripts is warranted. See Douglas Oil Co. v. Petrol Stops Northwest,
We do not reach the Douglas Oil test in this case because we find that the issue here is not whether the materials could be properly disclosed, but whether the district court could consider the transcripts as evidence after the state court found that their disclosure was improper.
ATT argues that the grand jury materials should have been considered by the district court although they had been recalled because ATT relied on them to support its opposition to the summary judgment motion and was not given the opportunity to provide the court other evidence to support its argument. In response to this argument, we note that "[g]rand jury testimony is not a substitute for proper discovery and should not be used as a panacea for improper, inadequate and untimely discovery." Lucas v. Turner,