delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case presents the issue whether a municipality, here the City of Baltimore (the City), may interpose the defense of sovereign immunity in an action in contract. We granted certiorari after the case had been docketed but before it was argued in the Court of Special Appeals.
In May, 1974, the City entered into a contract with American Structures, Inc. (the Contractor) for the construction of a storm drain outfall, in accordance with the specifications prepared by the Maryland State Highway Administration (the Highway Administration).
Work commenced in September, 1974, and thereafter the Contractor encountered subsurface conditions which allegedly differed substantially from those contemplated by the contract documents. Apparently in reliance on a provision of contract documents which required the giving of prompt notice should conditions be identified which increased the character of the work to be performed under the contract, the Contractor, in January, 1975, notified the City that it was confronted with such a situation. The City apparently directed the Contractor to proceed with the work.
When negotiations looking toward an adjustment of the contract price proved inconclusive, in September, 1975, the Contractor brought a declaratory judgment action in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City against the City and the Highway Administration, which had as its purpose the construction of the contract provisions. Both defendants interposed the defense of sovereign immunity, the City by a motion to dismiss, and the State by a motion raising preliminary objection. From an order dismissing the action, the Contractor has appealed.
While the application of the doctrine of sovereign immunity in the United States has been roundly criticized,
see Godwin v. County Comm’rs of St. Mary’s County,
In Maryland, the rule of our cases is clear. If an action is brought for a money judgment in contract or in tort against the State or an agency of the State without the State’s consent, actual or implied, it must be defended on the ground of sovereign immunity, which cannot be waived unless funds have been appropriated for the purpose or the agency can provide funds by taxation,
Calvert Associates Limited Partnership v. Department of Employment & Social Services,
As regards counties and municipalities, however, the rule is different.
Lake Roland Elevated Ry. v. Baltimore,
We conclude, therefore, that on the record before it the trial court was quite correct when it granted the State’s motion raising a preliminary objection, but that the City’s motion to dismiss should have been denied. We have carefully avoided any consideration of whether the defense of sovereign immunity might be available to the City had the action been in tort,
see Godwin v. County Comm’rs of St. Mary’s County, supra,
Order affirmed in part and reversed in part; case remanded for further proceedings; one-half of the costs to be paid by appellant, one-half to abide the result.
Notes
. Chapter 450 of the Laws of Maryland, 1976, effective 1 July 1976, provides that in the absence of a contrary provision, neither the State, its officers, departments, agencies, boards and commissions, nor any municipal corporation, or unit of municipal government, nor any county or unit of county government may raise the defense of sovereign immunity in an action based on a written contract brought within one year after the claim arose or the contract was performed, whichever is later.
. The defense of sovereign immunity was abrogated in Maryland by Chapter 63 of the Laws of 1786 but was reinstated by Chapter 210 of the Laws of 1820.