137 F. 572 | 8th Cir. | 1905
after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
The principal question presented on this record is whether or not the work done by the city was of the nature of repair or reconstruction. The contention of plaintiff in error is that the work done was reconstruction, and not repair, and that it did not receive the required notice stipulated for in section 15 of the contract, in that the notice did not come from the city engineer and street committee, to warrant the work by the city if it was of the nature of repair, and the three-months time after the notice that was given if the work was of the nature of reconstruction.
As the city engineer and street committee were but the ministerial officers of the municipality, which is governed by a board of aldermen, it would seem that when the city solicitor was directed by the board of aldermen to give the notice it should be regarded as of a higher source than if it came from the city engineer and street committee. But be this as it may, it is a sufficient answer to this contention to say that the said bonding company had recognized and acted upon a like notice sent to it by the city solicitor within the year previous to the last notice, and undertook, at its own expense, to make the repairs, and paid therefor. This conduct on its part induced the belief that such notice was satisfactory and sufficient. The condition of the street, as represented in the letter of April, 1902, was as bad if not worse than the condition represented in the letter of February, 1903. And yet the bonding company made no answer thereto, and took no notice thereof, although the city waited three months thereafter before it began the work in question. It should not, therefore, be heard to make this defense after the city has done the work which the guarantor’s bond required that it should have done, if the thing done by the city was repair work.
We are therefore brought to a consideration of the question as to whether the improvement was of the nature of repair or reconstruction work. The evidence showed that the defective condition of the street was wholly in the asphalt coating. That portion of it in controversy was honeycombed with holes, worn through to the concrete base. The evidence tended to show,that both the workmanship and material in the original construction were essentially bad, so that what was left of it about the holes was, in the judgment of the experts, so rotten and insufficient as not to furnish sufficient support for the walls around the decayed and worn parts when dug out for the reception of the asphalt, and that the only effective remedy for this restoration was the removeal of the whole surface and recoating it. And the jury so found under the charge of the court touching this issue.
“Repair is ‘restoration to a sound, good, or complete state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or. partial destruction.’ Reconstruction is ‘tlie act of constructing again.’ Reproduction is ‘repetition,’ or ‘the act of reproducing.’ These definitions are instructive in bringing home to the mind that repair carries with it the idea of restoration after decay, injury, or partial destruction, and that reconstruction or reproduction carries with it the idea of a complete construction or production over again. * * * It is impracticable, as well as unwise, to attempt to lay down any rule on this subject, owing to the number and infinite variety of patented inventions. Each case, as it arises, must be decided in the light of all the facts and circumstances presented, and with an intelligent comprehension of the scope, nature, and purpose of the patented invention and the fair and reasonable intention of the parties. Having clearly in mind the specification and claims of the patent, together with the condition of decay or destruction of the patented device of machine, the question whether its restoration to a sound state was legitimate repair, or a substantial reconstruction or reproduction of the patented invention, should be determined less by definitions or technical rules than by the exercise of sound common sense and an intelligent judgment.”
In Wilson v. Simpson et al., 9 How. 109, 13 L. Ed. 66, the court said:
“When the wearing or injury is partial, then repair is restoration, and not reconstruction. * * * Repairing partial injuries, whether they occur from accident or from wear and tear, is only refitting a machine for use. And it is no more than that, though it shall be a replacement of an essential part of a combination.” (The italics are ours.)
The foregoing statement that it would be a repair to replace an essential part of a combination is most applicable to the case in hand. Under the contract the thing to be done by the contractor was in a sense a unit. It was to construct a pavement, the base of which was to be six inches of hard concrete, with a one and one-half inch surface of asphalt, with stone curbing. These constituted the work of construction. Reconstruction is “to construct again, to rebuild, to remodel, to form again or renew.” It would therefore follow that to constitute a work of reconstruction of the pavement would involve the rebuilding of the whole unit, including the concrete foundation as well as the asphalt surface, to say nothing of the curbing. Whereas the thing done by the city was to cure the deterioration, owing to the rottenness of the material employed and bad workmanship, whereby what remained of the surface did not possess sufficient cohesion to admit of patchwork, necessitating simply relaying this portion of the structure, leaving all the rest intact. If, as it must be conceded, it would have been repair to have dug out throughout the length of the street the holes' in the surface and relaid them with new asphalt, no matter how multitudinous the holes or thin the partition walls between them and the relaid portions, it must be a distinction without a difference
A contract for the building of a house complete includes the foundation, the walls, and the roof. Should the contract provide that the contractor should keep the building in repair for seven years, and within a year after the acceptance of the work the roof should begin to leak in various places, it would be repair work in restoring the defective parts to a sound condition. If then, within the next year, the leaks in the roof should become worse, rendering the building practically uninhabitable, it would be repair work if the contractor should be called upon to rectify such a condition in the roof. If again thereafter, within a few months, the leakage should continue, throughout almost the entire roof, and a thorough examination of this covering should disclose the fact that the roof was constructed of bad material, and with bad workmanship, that the material was so rotten throughout that mere patching the holes would afford no permanent protection against the disintegrating parts, necessitating the removal of the entire rotten roof and •putting on a new covering, why should this be any less a repair of the building? Would it not be a mere restoring of the part “to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction,” consequent upon the bad workmanship and the rotten materials used? If one-half of the roof should decay so as to admit through it the rain, snow, and winds, to restore to a so'und state would certainly be regarded as repair of the building. Does it any the less amount to repair that the decay or dilapidation extends to the other half of the roof?
The result of the court’s charge on this issue was that he told the jury that in his opinion what was done amounted to repair and not reconstruction. While the contract did not call for reconstruction, it did call for reeoating the pavement with asphalt, which, in his judgment, amounted to repair, and not rebuilding or reconstruction. Inter alia, he said:
“It does seem to me like reconstruction would be a revamping, or reworking-the whole-thing over. The base was not changed; no change of the grade was made; no change in the curb. The change that was made was resurfacing, the reeoating of the top; that and the holes of course where .the wagon wheels would pound down in the concrete, making reeoating necessary.’’
Criticism is made of the employment of the term “revamping.” How this can avail the plaintiff in error is not apparent. If prejudicial at all, it was rather against the defendant in error. As shown by the context, the court merely conveyed the idea to the jury that it was the equivalent of .“working the whole thing over.”
The fourth clause of paragraph 15 of the contract provides that the contractor should not be required to make repairs or relay any pavement made necessary to repair or relay by the taking up ■and relaying of the same by water, gas, steam, or plumbing companies, or street railways, or through any improvements made by the city or private parties of any nature; it being the intention that
It is suggested, as evidencing that the work done by the city was reconstruction rather than repair, that it cost over $21,000, while the entire contract price of the original work amounted to a little over $34,000. There is nothing in this record to enable the court to find what is the relative cost of the asphaltum surface and the other portion of the pavement. If the work done by the city is more expensive than that done by the Assyrian Asphalt Company, it is the difference between genuine and shoddy work. The evidence is that the cost of the work done by the city was not only reasonable, but without profit to the contractor. The opportunity was offered to the plaintiff in error to either do the work itself or bid on it. Its obligation was and is to pay the cost of the repair, if reasonable, no matter how much or how little.
It is conceded to the plaintiff in error that the undertaking of the surety must be narrowly construed. It cannot be varied or enlarged. But like any other contract, it is the spirit as much as the letter that gives to it vital effect. It is substance rather than mere shadow that denotes variation from its terms. The essence of the bond of the plaintiff in error was that for a period of seven years the Assyrian Asphalt Company should furnish, in good order, and replace, any asphalt or other materials used in said paving which might fail from any imperfection in the work or materials; and its bond was only to become ineffective in the event the said Assyrian Asphalt Company “shall keep said improvements and pavement in good repair for a period of seven years”; the spirit—the clear meaning—of which is that whenever during- that period the work done by the Assyrian Asphalt Company should fail to give a good pavement by reason of any imperfections, either in the workmanship or the materials employed, it should be replaced so as to effectuate the purpose of giving the city a serviceable street for said period, when built right with the materials prescribed or their equivalent. If it failed to do so, then, after due notice, the city was authorized to make the required repairs at the cost of the asphalt company or its surety.
The authorities cited by counsel for plaintiff in error, for the purpose of showing that the work done by the city was of the nature of reconstruction and not repair, are not apposite. In State
In the case of Farraher v. City of Keokuk, 111 Iowa, 310, 82 N. W. 773, under a statute which gave to the city the right to make repairs without notice, and assess the cost against the abutting property, a sidewalk was taken up from top to bottom and relaid, by digging a ditch, filling in a new substratum of sand, and putting down a new sidewalk, employing in this work only a small amount of- the old material. This was held to be essentially the creation of a new pavement.
In Chicago v. Sheldon, 9 Wall. 50, 19 L. Ed. 594, the street railway company agreed that “as respects the grading, paving, macadamizing, filling or planking of the streets or parts of streets, upon which they shall construct their said railways, or any of them, keep eight feet in width along the line of said railway on all the streets where one track is constructed, and sixteen feet in width along the line of said railway where two tracks are constructed, in good repair and condition.” It was held that this did not make the company liable for curbing, grading, and paving streets with an entirely new pavement, as the obligation of the company extended only to repairs. Clearly that is not this case.
Other cases are cited by counsel, like that where, by the contract, the foundation was to be of wood, and one of stone was substituted therefor. This was clearly a reconstruction of the very foundation work, with a different and more expensive quality. But no case has been cited, nor are we able to find any adjudicated case, that sustains the proposition that as to the resurfacing of the principal concrete base, necessitated by the unfitness of the material, and the work being essentially bad, under the circumstances of the case.at bar would not come under an obligation to repair.
Complaint is made by plaintiff in error that the city, in the work done by -it, used Trinidad asphalt instead of that employed by the contractor. This was no departure in spirit, for the reason that the.contract itself called for pure asphalt equal to, if not better than, Pitch -Take, in the island of Trinidad.
It is next objected that the city varied from the original contract in that it put on an asphalt coating of one and one-half inches, with a. one-inch- binder, whereas the original contract called only for a
“The estimated qualities for grading, paving, curbing, and guttering streets are to be considered as approximate, and said city of Ottumwa reserves the right to increase or diminish said quantities as in their opinion may be necessary, either in change of grade, alignment or otherwise; and such alterations shall not vitiate or annul the contract entered into relative to said work; nor shall such change constitute any claim for extra compensation. The contractors shall be paid for the amount of work actually performed at the rate specified in his contract, and if any work is ordered, not provided for in the' contract, the engineer shall determine the value thereof.’’
—From which it is clear that the estimated qualities for the paving were to be considered only as approximate. So that if the city, in the progress of the work, had requested and consented to a one and one-half inch layer of asphalt, with an inch binder, if it had entailed no additional expense to the contractor, it was perfectly competent for the city to require the change. How then can it be said that when the city, in making the required repairs, employed a less quantity of asphalt on the surface, that a one-inch binder, which as the evidence shows made no perceptible difference in the cost, constituted a departure from the spirit of the contract?
It is next urged in argument by counsel for plaintiff in error that the contract was ultra vires because the supplemental contract of September, 1903, provided for sheet asphaltum outside of the space between the street car rails and that portion the city was to pave with asphaltum instead of part brick and part asphaltum, as provided in the original contract. This contention is predicated of the assumption that this change was made without advertising for proposals thereon, as the Code of Iowa requires all such work to be let after advertisement for proposals. If it were conceded that any such specific defense was pleaded in the answers, we fail to find in the record any evidence what the advertisement as made contained. The original" contract contemplated the giving of this bond by the contractor, and the bond executed by it, with the plaintiff in error as surety, makes direct reference to said supplemental contract, and guaranties that the contractor shall “furnish in good order and replace any brick, asphalt, concrete or other material used in said paving,” which may fail from any imperfections in the work or materials for a period of seven years from the completion of said work. As there was no essential difference in the cost of the work, and as the contract provided that this work was to be paid for by the street railway company, and the bonding company, when it gave the bond of indemnity, knew of this change in the contract, it does not lie in its mouth to raise any question about the change. It did not affect the validity of the contract in this controversy. Ottumwa B. & C. Co. v. Ainley, 109 Iowa, 386, 80 N. W. 510. Code Iowa, § 814, expressly provides that the contractor shall give such bond for repairs.
With infinite reiteration, counsel for plaintiff in error argues that the city officials in their report and in the ordinances providing for the method of paying for the work in question spoke of and dealt with the matter as of a work of reconstruction. Reference
Neither are we able to perceive the merit of the contention that the city aldermen, in adopting the ordinances providing for the issue of bonds to be sold to pay for the work, proceeded under the statute authorizing a work of construction in paving streets. How does it concern this surety company how or in what manner the city undertook to raise the money to pay for the work? How did it affect its undertaking to pay “said cost of repair”? Is it any of its business whether the city raised the necessary revenue by borrowing the money and giving its note therefor, or whether it obtained it on bonds irregularly issued? Did it alter the position or effect of the undertaking of the guarantor that the city, after the obligation of the contractor to make the repairs had attached, undertook one way or another to pay for the work which the contract imposed upon the contractor to do, without cost to the city? Should this court, in this proceeding, in the absence of the holder of the bonds issued by the city, undertake to determine their validity? As the ordinance passed by the city purported to be in pursuance of the statute, and the bonds on their face recited that they were issued in pursuance of such ordinance, they would be binding upon the city in the hands of an innocent purchaser for value.
The contract expressly provided, in section 15, that after the work under the contract was paid for, and the contractor failed to maintain the street according to the contract, “then suit shall be instituted against the principal and his sureties for the collection of said cost of repairs.” As the burden of these repairs, when made by the city, was to be laid upon the property owners, the city was authorized by the contract to recover the cost thereof from the contractor and the surety. When collected it would inure to the benefit of the burden-bearers. The contracting parties might have designated any other person as a quasi trustee for the benefit of the taxpayer, to collect from the contractor and the surety such cost. Shall the court, to enable this surety to escape from this express undertaking, after it has issued the bonds of the city and paid for the cost of repairs, anticipate that the property owners will refuse to pay the levies made to meet the
Criticism is made upon the following paragraph of the charge given by the court to the jury:
“Now, this bonding company has the right to contract In Iowa; it is organized for that purpose; the statutes of Iowa authorize it to transact business of this kind within the state; not as you and I sign one another’s notes, ás a guaranty or accommodation; but it does it for a consideration; •that is the way it makes its money. So that, for a money consideration paid it, either by the city of Ottumwa or the Assyrian Company, it signed this bond, agreeing to make good the contract of the Assyrian Company with the city of Ottumwa.”
It is claimed that this was prejudicial to the bonding company, because of the statement that it signed such bonds for a money consideration. This was nothing more than the statement of a well-known fact as respects such guaranty companies. But lest such fact might prejudice the defense of the bonding company said statement was immediately followed by the further statement that:
“It is a rule recognized by all lawyers and all courts and perhaps by all people that a surety upon a contract is what is called a favorite in law; that is to say, it must at all times be fairly dealt with; the contract must not be changed. It must not be enlarged upon over and above what the bond company agreed to. * * * You cannot vary it in any way.”
And further on the court said:
“So that while a surety is a favorite in law, and this bond company as a surety, I suppose, stands as if you and I had signed this paper, notwithstanding it received a money consideration for signing it, it has the rights and the privileges that a surety would have; but it likewise is under the obligations and responsibilities of a surety.”
Taken in its entirety, the tendency of this portion of the charge was rather calculated to guard the minds of the jury against any prejudice on account of the fact, presumptively known, that such company is not a mere accommodation indorser, and that it stood in respect of the law as any other surety.
As a whole, the charge was fair to the plaintiff in error. For while the indemnifying bond executed by the surety after the work was done might have been regarded as an unqualified undertaking for guarantying the work for seven years, the court in its charge gave the plaintiff in error the benefit of conditioning its undertaking upon the performance of all the provisions of the contract between the city and the contractor.
Other' objections, of a most hypercritical character, are urged by the plaintiff in error, but they are not of sufficient merit to justify the further prolongation of this opinion. It results that the judgment of the Circuit Court should be affirmed.
