Case Information

AMAZON.COM, INC., et al., v. KEXLEWATERFILTERS, et al.,

CASE NO. C22-1120JLR

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE

May 30, 2024

JAMES L. ROBART

ORDER

I. INTRODUCTION

Before the court is Plaintiffs Amazon.com, Inc., Amazon.com Services LLC, (together, "Amazon"), General Electric Company ("GE"), and Haier US Appliance Solutions, Inc., doing business as GE Appliances's ("GEA," and together with Amazon and GE, "Plaintiffs") ex parte motion for default judgment against Defendants Tan Mei (doing business as the Amazon selling account Tamei-US), Dao Ping Yang (doing business as the Amazon selling account icepy), and Liping Yang (doing business as the Amazon selling account Purtech) (together, "Defendants"). (Mot. (Dkt. # 45).) The court has reviewed Plaintiffs' motion, the relevant portions of the record, and the governing law. Being fully advised,1 the court GRANTS Plaintiffs' motion for entry of default judgment and for a permanent injunction.

II. BACKGROUND

This action arises out of Defendants' alleged operation of selling accounts on Amazon.com through which they sold counterfeit GE-branded water filters. (See Am. Compl. (Dkt. # 34) ¶¶ 67-103 (describing each Defendant's alleged sales activity); see id. ¶¶ 3-6 (describing the GE trademarks and GEA's role in manufacturing GE-branded appliances); see also Parent Decl. (Dkt. # 46) ¶ 2, Ex. A (copies of registration certificates for the GE trademarks).) According to Plaintiffs, Defendants sold hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of products bearing counterfeit versions of GE's registered trademarks through their Amazon selling accounts between August 2019 and June 2021. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 67-103; see Haskel Decl. (Dkt. # 48) ¶ 3 (summarizing the sales made through each selling account).)

Plaintiffs originally filed this case on August 11, 2022, against 16 Amazon selling accounts and ten unknown Doe Defendants. (See generally Compl. (Dkt. # 1).2) On October 26, 2022, the court granted Plaintiffs' ex parte motion to expedite discovery for the purpose of identifying the individuals or entities responsible for the selling accounts. (10/26/22 Order (Dkt. # 14); see Mot. to Expedite (Dkt. # 11).)

On September 28, 2023, Plaintiffs moved the court for leave to amend their complaint to name ten individuals whom their investigation had determined were responsible for certain of the Defendant selling accounts. (See generally Mot. to Amend (Dkt. # 31).) The court granted the motion, and Plaintiffs filed their amended complaint shortly thereafter. (9/29/23 Order (Dkt. # 33); Am. Compl.) On November 15, 2023, the court granted Plaintiffs leave to serve the newly named individual Defendants by email. (11/15/23 Order (Dkt. # 37); 3d Serv. Mot. (Dkt. # 36).) Plaintiffs served the individual Defendants on December 4, 2023. (Service Cert. (Dkt. # 38).)

On January 9, 2024, Plaintiffs moved for entry of default as to the ten individual Defendants and voluntarily dismissed their claims against the Amazon selling accounts for which they had not identified any associated individuals. (Default Mot. (Dkt. 39); 1/9/24 Not. (Dkt. # 40).) The Clerk entered default as to the individual Defendants on January 10, 2024. (Entry of Default (Dkt. # 41).)

On May 24, 2024, Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims against seven of the individual Defendants. (5/24/24 Not. (Dkt. # 44).) They filed the instant motion for default judgment against the remaining three Defendants on that same day. (See Mot.)

III. ANALYSIS

Below, the court considers its jurisdiction over this action, sets forth the legal standard for evaluating a motion for default judgment, and determines whether Plaintiffs have satisfied the requirements for entry of default judgment.

A. Jurisdiction

As a preliminary matter, a court evaluating a motion for default judgment "has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject matter and the parties." In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999). The court concludes that it has jurisdiction to decide Plaintiffs' motion.

First, the court has federal question subject matter jurisdiction over this action based on Plaintiffs' Lanham Act claims for trademark infringement, false designation of origin, and false advertising. See 15 U.S.C. § 1121(a) (providing district courts original jurisdiction over actions arising under the Lanham Act); 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (providing district courts original jurisdiction over civil actions arising under the laws of the United States); 28 U.S.C. § 1338 (providing district courts original jurisdiction over civil actions arising under any federal statute relating to trademarks); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (providing district courts supplemental jurisdiction over related state-law claims).

Second, the court has personal jurisdiction over Defendants because, taking the factual allegations in the complaint as true, (1) Defendants transacted business using a Washington state company as its sales platform, reached out to do business with Washington residents through that platform, and sold counterfeit products to Washington residents; (2) Plaintiffs' claims arose from these contacts with Washington state; and (3) the Amazon Business Solutions Agreement ("BSA") between Defendants and Amazon contains a forum selection clause setting jurisdiction in this court. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 42-43; id. Ex. B ("BSA")); see Expensify, Inc. v. Swappoint AG, No. 22-CV-05720-LB, 2023 WL 6323103, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 28, 2023) ("Specific jurisdiction exists when the suit arises out of or relates to the defendant's contacts with the forum." (citing Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 284 (2014))).

Having determined that it has jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties, the court proceeds to consider Plaintiffs' motion for default judgment.

B. Legal Standard

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2) authorizes the court to enter default judgment against a defaulted defendant upon the plaintiff's motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a), (b)(2). After the court enters default, the well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint, except those related to damages, are considered admitted and are sufficient to establish a defendant's liability. TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987) (citing Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977)).

Entry of default judgment is left to the court's sound discretion. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). In exercising its discretion, courts in the Ninth Circuit consider the seven "Eitel factors": (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff if relief is denied; (2) the substantive merits of the plaintiff's claims; (3) the sufficiency of the claims raised in the complaint; (4) the sum of money at stake in relationship to the defendant's behavior; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether default was due to excusable neglect; and (7) the preference for decisions on the merits when reasonably possible. Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986). If the court determines that default judgment is appropriate, it must then determine the amount and character of the relief that should be awarded. See TeleVideo, 826 F.2d at 917-18.

B. The Eitel Factors

Plaintiffs argue that the Eitel factors favor entry of default judgment against all three Defendants. (See Mot. at 5-9 (arguing that Plaintiffs have established Defendants' liability on each claim); id. at 9-10 (discussing the remaining Eitel factors).) The court agrees with Plaintiffs.

1. Possibility of Prejudice to Plaintiffs

Under the first Eitel factor, the court considers whether the plaintiff will suffer prejudice if default judgment is not entered. See PepsiCo, Inc., v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1177 (C.D. Cal. 2002). Without default judgment, Plaintiffs will suffer prejudice because they will "be denied the right to judicial resolution" of their claims and will be "without other recourse for recovery." Elektra Ent. Grp. Inc. v. Crawford, 226 F.R.D. 388, 392 (C.D. Cal. 2005). Thus, the first Eitel factor weighs in favor of entering default judgment.

2. Substantive Merits and Sufficiency of the Complaint

"The second and third Eitel factors—the substantive merits of the plaintiff's claim and the sufficiency of the plaintiff's complaint—are often analyzed together." Curtis v. Illumination Arts, Inc., 33 F. Supp. 3d 1200, 1211 (W.D. Wash. 2014) (citing PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1175). For these factors to weigh in favor of default judgment, the complaint's allegations must state a claim for relief. See Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 1388 (9th Cir. 1978). A complaint satisfies this standard when it "contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S 544, 570 (2007)). At the default judgment stage, the court "must take the well-pleaded factual allegations [in the complaint] as true" but "necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default." Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992); see also DIRECTV, Inc. v. Huynh, 503 F.3d 847, 854 (9th Cir. 2007) (declining to take as true "allegations that parrot the language of the relevant statute).

Plaintiffs assert that they have plausibly alleged that Defendants are liable for trademark infringement, false designation of origin, and violations of the WCPA. (Mot. at 5-9.3) The court reviews each claim in turn.

a. Trademark Infringement

First, GE seeks entry of default judgment on its claim that Defendants infringed its trademarks in violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114. (Mot. at 5-7; see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 108-14.) To state a claim for trademark infringement under § 1114(1)(a), GE must plausibly allege that Defendants used:

(1) a reproduction, counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation of [the] plaintiff's registered trademark, (2) without its consent, (3) in commerce, (4) in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution or advertising of any goods, (5) where such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause a mistake or to deceive.

Amazon.com v. Kurth, No. C18-0353RAJ, 2019 WL 3426064, at *2 (W.D. Wash. July 30, 2019) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a) and S. Cal. Darts Ass'n v. Zaffina, 762 F.3d 921, 929 (9th Cir. 2014)). "Likelihood of confusion exists when consumers viewing the mark would probably assume that the goods it represents are associated with the source of a different product identified by a similar mark." KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., 408 F.3d 596, 608 (9th Cir. 2005). When a defendant uses a counterfeit mark, courts presume that there is a likelihood of consumer confusion. See Coach, Inc. v. Pegasus Theater Shops, No. C12-1631MJP, 2013 WL 5406220, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 25, 2013) (compiling cases). The Lanham Act defines a "counterfeit" as "a spurious mark which is identical with, or substantially indistinguishable from, a registered mark." Id. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1127).

Taking Plaintiffs' factual allegations as true, GE has plausibly alleged that it owns the trademarks at issue (Am. Compl. ¶ 3; Parent Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. A) and that Defendants sold products on Amazon (that is, in commerce) that bore counterfeit imitations of those trademarks (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 87, 91, 99). Thus, the court presumes a likelihood of consumer confusion, see Coach, Inc., 2013 WL 5406220, at *3, and concludes that GE has met its burden to demonstrate Defendants' liability for trademark infringement.

b. False Designation of Origin

Second, all three Plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to default judgment on their claims for false designation of origin under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). (Mot. at 7-8; see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 115-23 (pleading claim on behalf of GE and GEA), 124-30 (pleading claim on behalf of Amazon).) To state a claim for false designation of origin, Plaintiffs must plausibly allege that Defendants:

(1) used in commerce (2) any word, false designation of origin, false or misleading description, or representation of fact, which (3) is likely to cause confusion or mistake, or to deceive, as to sponsorship, affiliation, or the origin of the goods or services in question.

Luxul Tech. Inc. v. Nectarlux, LLC, 78 F. Supp. 3d 1156, 1170 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (citing Freecycle Network, Inc. v. Oey, 505 F.3d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 2007)); 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A). A plaintiff need not own the trademarks that are infringed to state a claim for trademark infringement. See Obesity Rsch. Inst., LLC v. Fiber Rsch. Int'l, LLC, 310 F. Supp. 3d 1089, 1114 (S.D. Cal. 2018).

Again taking the well-pleaded allegations as true, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have demonstrated that Defendants are liable on default judgment for false designation of origin because Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged that Defendants sold products through their Amazon selling accounts that bore counterfeit GE trademarks. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 87, 91, 99); Coach, Inc., 2013 WL 5406220, at *3.

c. Washington Consumer Protection Act

Finally, Plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to default judgment on their WCPA claim. (Mot. at 8-9; see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 131-35.) To state a claim for violation of the WCPA, Plaintiffs must plausibly allege that (1) an unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) occurred in the course of trade or commerce, (3) impacted the public interest, (4) injured the plaintiff's business or property, and (5) was caused by the defendant. Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 719 P.2d 531, 533 (Wash. 1986); RCW 19.86.020. A WCPA claim "may be predicated upon a per se violation of statute, an act or practice that has the capacity to deceive substantial portions of the public, or an unfair or deceptive act or practice not regulated by statute but in violation of public interest." Klem v. Wash. Mut. Bank, 295 P.3d 1179, 1187 (Wash. 2013).

Federal trademark claims brought under the Lanham Act are "substantially congruous" to state claims under the CPA. BBC Grp. NV LLC v. Island Life Rest. Grp. LLC, No. C18-1011RSM, 2020 WL 758070, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 14, 2020) (quoting Safeworks, LLC v. Teupen Am., LLC, 717 F. Supp. 2d 1181, 1192 (W.D. Wash. 2010)). Indeed, "[a] finding of trademark infringement constitutes an 'unfair or deceptive act' and 'satisfies the 'affecting public interest prong'' under the WCPA 'because it involves deception or confusion of the public.'" Id. at *2-3 (citing Nordstrom, Inc. v. Tampourlos, 733 P.2d 208, 210 (Wash. 1987)). Thus, because Plaintiffs have established that Defendants are liable for trademark infringement, they have also established Defendants' liability under the WCPA. As a result, the court concludes that the second and third Eitel factors weigh in favor of entering default judgment.

3. Sum of Money at Stake

Under the fourth Eitel factor, "the court must consider the amount of money at stake in relation to the seriousness of [the d]efendant's conduct." PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1176. Here, Plaintiffs ask the court to award GE statutory damages of three times the total sales of counterfeit GE-branded water filters made through Defendants' Amazon selling accounts. They seek $426,622 from Tan Mei, $293,978 from Dao Ping Yang, and $38,351 from Liping Yang, for a total award of $758,951. (Mot. at 13-15 (citing Haskel Decl. ¶ 3).) These amounts are well within the range of statutory damages authorized by Congress for the willful use of a counterfeit mark. See 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c)(2) (authorizing the court to award up to $2,000,000 per counterfeit mark); Derek Andrew, Inc. v. Poof Apparel Corp., 528 F.3d 696, 702 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that complaint's willful infringement allegations were deemed true after default); (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 104, 121, 126, 128-29 (alleging Defendants engaged in willful conduct)). The court concludes that the fourth Eitel factor does not weigh against default judgment.

4. Possibility of a Dispute over Material Facts

Courts evaluating the fifth Eitel factor "consider[] the possibility of dispute as to any material facts in the case." PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. "When default has been entered, courts find that there is no longer the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts because the court must take the plaintiff's factual allegations as true." Curtis, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 1212. Because default has already been entered against Defendants (see Entry of Default), the court concludes that the fifth Eitel factor weighs in favor of default judgment.

5. Excusable Neglect

Under the sixth Eitel factor, courts consider the possibility that the defendant's default resulted from excusable neglect. PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. Plaintiffs have provided evidence that Defendants were properly served (see Service Cert.); the court entered default against Defendants (see Entry of Default); and there is no evidence in the record that would support a finding that any Defendant's failure to answer or respond is the result of excusable neglect. Accordingly, the court concludes that the sixth Eitel factor weighs in favor of default judgment.

6. Policy Favoring Decisions on the Merits

"Cases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible." Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472. Where, as here, a defendant fails to appear or defend itself in the action, however, the policy favoring decisions on the merits is not dispositive. PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. Therefore, the court concludes that the seventh Eitel factor does not preclude entry of default judgment. As a result, because of the Eitel factors either favor or do not weigh against entry of default judgment, the court concludes that default judgment is appropriate here.

C. Requested Relief

Having determined that the Eitel factors favor entry of default judgment, the court now turns to the question of remedies. "A default judgment must not differ in kind from, or exceed in amount, what is demanded in the [complaint]." Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c); see Fong v. United States, 300 F.2d 400, 413 (9th Cir. 1962). Defaulting defendants are not deemed to have admitted the facts alleged in the complaint concerning the amount of damages. TeleVideo, 826 F.2d at 917. Rather, the plaintiff "must 'prove up' the amount of damages that it is claiming." Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Castworld Prods., Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 501 (C.D. Cal. 2003); see also Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 55(b)(2) (requiring a plaintiff moving for default judgment to submit "a declaration and other evidence establishing [the] plaintiff's entitlement to a sum certain and to any nonmonetary relief sought"). By analogy, the plaintiff must also "prove up" its entitlement to other forms of relief, such as a permanent injunction. See Gucci Am., Inc. v. Tyrrell-Miller, 678 F. Supp. 2d 117, 120-21 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).

1. Statutory Damages

Under the Lanham Act, a plaintiff may elect whether to recover the actual damages caused by a defendant's use of a counterfeit mark or statutory damages. 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c). GE and GEA have elected to seek statutory damages. (Mot. at 11-15; see Am. Compl. § VI.E (including an award of statutory damages to GE and GEA in Plaintiffs' prayer for relief).) If the court finds that a defendant's use of a counterfeit mark was willful, it has discretion to award statutory damages of "not more than $2,000,000 per counterfeit mark per type of goods or services sold, offered for sale, or distributed, as the court considers just." 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c)(2). Because Plaintiffs' allegation that Defendants willfully infringed the two GE trademarks is deemed true, the court may award up to $4,000,000 in statutory damages. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 3, 6 (describing GE's trademarks); id. ¶¶ 8, 25-26, 28-29, 36-37, 104, 121, 126, 128-29 (alleging Defendants engaged in willful conduct)); Derek Andrew, Inc., 528 F.3d at 702. "[S]tatutory damages may compensate the victim, penalize the wrongdoer, deter future wrongdoing, or serve all those purposes." Y.Y.G.M. SA v. Redbubble, Inc., 75 F.4th 995, 1008 (9th Cir. 2023) (citing Nintendo of Am., Inc. v. Dragon Pac. Int'l, 40 F.3d 1007, 1011 (9th Cir. 1994)). The plaintiff, however, "is not entitled to a windfall." Yelp Inc. v. Catron, 70 F. Supp. 3d 1082, 1102 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (citing Adobe Sys., Inc. v. Tilley, No. C 09-1085 PJH, 2010 WL 309249, at *5-6 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2010)). Therefore, courts consider whether the amount of statutory damages requested bears a "plausible relationship to [the p]laintiff's actual damages." Id. (quoting Adobe Sys., Inc., 2010 WL 309249, at *5).

Here, GE and GEA seek an award of three times the aggregate sales of counterfeit GE-branded water filters made through Defendants' Amazon selling accounts. (Mot. at 14-15.) According to Amazon, Tan Mei sold a total of $142,207.44 in counterfeit GE-branded water filters through the Tamei-US selling account; Dao Ping Yang sold $97,992.95 in counterfeit GE-branded water filters through the icepy selling account; and Liping Yang sold $12,783.74 in counterfeit GE-branded water filters through the Purtech selling account. (Haskel Decl. ¶ 3; see also Buckley Decl. (Dkt. # 49) ¶¶ 2-5 (describing how Plaintiffs' law firm linked the individual Defendants to their Amazon selling accounts).) Thus, Defendants seek an award of $426,622 in statutory damages against Tan Mei; an award of $293,978 in statutory damages against Dao Ping Yang; and an award of $38,351 in statutory damages against Liping Yang. (Mot. at 14-15.)

The court concludes that these awards are (1) consistent with the amounts awarded by other courts in this District for similar conduct, (2) proportional to the damages GE and GEA actually suffered, and (3) sufficient to deter Defendants from further willful infringement, but (4) not so large as to result in a windfall for GE and GEA. See, e.g., Amazon.com, Inc. v. Sirowl Tech., No. C20-1217RSL-JRC, 2022 WL 19000499, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 3, 2022) (awarding statutory damages of three times Defendants' aggregate sales of counterfeit products); Amazon.com, Inc. v. White, No. C20-1773JHC, 2022 WL 1641423, at *5 (W.D. Wash. May 24, 2022) (same). Therefore, the court grants Plaintiffs their requested statutory damages awards.

2. Permanent Injunctive Relief

Plaintiffs ask the court to enter an order permanently enjoining and restraining "Defendants and their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and other persons who are in active concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order" from:

selling counterfeit or infringing products in Amazon's stores;
selling counterfeit or infringing products to Amazon or any Amazon affiliate;
manufacturing, importing, distributing, offering to sell, or selling any product using the GE brand or trademarks, or which otherwise infringes GE's intellectual property, in any store or in any medium; and
assisting, aiding, or abetting any other person or business entity in engaging in or performing any of the activities listed in (a) through (c) above.

(Mot. at 16-20; Prop. Order (Dkt. # 45-1) at 2.) The Lanham Act empowers courts "to grant injunctions, according to the principles of equity and upon such terms as the court may deem reasonable, to prevent the violation of any right of the registrant of a mark." 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a). The WCPA also authorizes injunctions to prevent violations of the statute. See RCW 19.86.090. A plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must demonstrate:

(1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction.

eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006) (interpreting similar language in considering a motion for permanent injunctive relief under the Patent Act).

"Generally, an injunction must be narrowly tailored to remedy only the specific harms shown by a plaintiff, rather than to enjoin all possible breaches of the law." Kurth, 2019 WL 3426064, at *5-6 (holding that an injunction against the defendant from "opening any Amazon Seller Accounts or otherwise selling products on any of Amazon's websites" would be overbroad (citing Price v. City of Stockton, 390 F.3d 1105, 1117 (9th Cir. 2004))); (see also Am. Compl. § VI.A (seeking an injunction with broader terms than those Plaintiffs request here).)

First, Plaintiffs satisfy the "irreparable injury" element because a plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction under the Lanham Act "shall be entitled to a rebuttable presumption of irreparable harm upon a finding of a [trademark] violation." 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a).

Second, remedies available at law are inadequate because Plaintiffs allege that Defendants' sales of counterfeit GE products through Amazon both threaten and have injured their businesses, reputations and goodwill. (See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 114, 119, 125, 129, 134.) "Harm resulting from ... lost customer goodwill is irreparable because it is neither easily calculable, nor easily compensable" and thus cannot be remedied by a monetary award. eBay, Inc. v. Bidder's Edge, Inc., 100 F. Supp. 2d 1058, 1066 (N.D. Cal. 2000) (citing Cal. ex rel. Van de Kamp v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 766 F.2d 1316, 1319 (9th Cir. 1985)). In addition, Defendants' failure to appear in this action suggests that their infringing behavior may continue absent an injunction. See Amazon.com Inc. v. Robojap Techs. LLC, No. C20-0694MJP, 2021 WL 5232130, at *4 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 10, 2021) (so holding).

Third, the balance of hardships supports Plaintiffs. Absent an injunction, Defendants could continue to sell counterfeit GE products and sell counterfeit products on Amazon.com, thus causing continuing harm to Plaintiffs. And because Defendants never had a right to infringe GE's trademarks in the first place, they will suffer no harm from an injunction prohibiting unlawful infringement in the future. See, e.g., Eve Nev., LLC v. Derbyshire, No. C21-0251LK, 2022 WL 279030, at *9 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 31, 2022) (finding the balance of hardships favored plaintiffs because the defendant "would suffer no injury other than refraining from her infringing conduct").

Finally, entering a permanent injunction would serve the general public's interest in protecting trademark holders' rights and minimizing the confusion caused by the presence of counterfeit products in the marketplace. See Treemo, Inc. v. Flipboard, Inc., 53 F. Supp. 3d 1342, 1368 (W.D. Wash. 2014) ("[I]njunctive relief serves the public interest by protecting the rights of trademark holders against infringement and also minimizing consumer confusion."); Internet Specialties W., Inc. v. Milon-DiGiorgio Enters., Inc., 559 F.3d 985, 993-94 (9th Cir. 2009) ("The essence of trademark infringement is the likelihood of confusion, and an injunction should be fashioned to prevent just that."). The court concludes, therefore, that Plaintiffs' requested permanent injunction is warranted.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the court GRANTS Plaintiffs' motion for default judgment (Dkt. # 45) and ORDERS as follows:

The court awards GE and GEA statutory damages in the amount of three times the aggregate sales of counterfeit products from each Defendant's respective Amazon selling accounts, based on Defendants' willful violations of the Lanham Act as follows:
1. An award of $426,622 against Tan Mei for counterfeit sales from the Tamei-US selling account.
2. An award of $293,978 against Dao Ping Yang for counterfeit sales from the icepy selling account.
3. An award of $38,351 against Liping Yang for counterfeit sales from the Purtech selling account.
Defendants and their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and other persons who are in active concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order, are permanently enjoined and restrained from:
1. selling counterfeit or infringing products in Amazon's stores;
2. selling counterfeit or infringing products to Amazon or any Amazon affiliate;
3. manufacturing, importing, distributing, offering to sell, or selling any product using the GE brand or trademarks, or which otherwise infringes GE's intellectual property, in any store or in any medium; and
4. assisting, aiding, or abetting any other person or business entity in engaging in or performing any of the activities listed in (a) through (c) above.

Plaintiffs' false advertising claims are DISMISSED without prejudice. (See Mot. at 7 n.3) (voluntarily dismissing these claims).)
The court retains jurisdiction over this case for the purpose of enforcing this order and injunction, and for any supplemental proceedings that may be authorized by law.
Plaintiffs' counsel are DIRECTED to serve a copy of this order and the accompanying judgment to Defendants at the last email addresses known to be used by Defendants or at the last physical address at which they received service.

Dated this 30th day of May, 2024.

JAMES L. ROBART

United States District Judge

Footnotes

1 Defendants have not appeared in this case (see Dkt.) and Plaintiffs do not seek oral argument (see Mot. at 1). The court finds oral argument unnecessary to its disposition of the motion. See Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(b)(4).

2 These Defendant selling accounts are KexleWaterFilters, HOM-POWER Store, NO-MIIMS, CLANORY, Tomorrow-Citystor, HOMASZ, Romarotic, Dropsales, Tamei-US, DanielJames, icepy, WanHaoFilter, HNAMZ-US, DOOBOO-US, Purtech, and Barcelona-US. (Compl. ¶¶ 13-28.)

3 Plaintiffs voluntarily dismiss without prejudice the false advertising claims they pleaded with their false designaton of origin claims. (See Mot. at 7 n.3; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 115-30.)