88 Wash. App. 26 | Wash. Ct. App. | 1997
— The dispositive issue in this auto-pedestrian case is whether the trial court erred by giving an assumption-of-risk instruction. Holding that it did, we reverse and remand for new trial.
Portland Avenue is an arterial street in Tacoma. Near its intersection with East 29th Street, it has two northbound lanes, two southbound lanes, and a left-turn lane in the center.
On September 20, 1991, Alston started across Portland Avenue on foot.
Alston was receiving public assistance at the time of the accident. The Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) paid a portion of her medical fees, on condition that her physician not attempt to collect the remainder of his fees from her.
Alston sued Blythe, McVay, and McVay’s employer, Kaelin Trucking, alleging negligence. At the ensuing jury trial, the trial court ruled, over Alston’s objection, that the defendants could impeach Alston’s physician by showing that he would receive the remainder of his fees only if Alston prevailed in the action. At the close of the evidence, Alston objected to many of the trial court’s instructions, but not to its instruction on contributory negligence. Ultimately, the jury decided that neither McVay nor Blythe had been negligent, and Alston filed this appeal.
I
Alston contends the trial court erred by giving Instruction 13, which stated:
It is a defense to an action for personal injury that the plaintiff impliedly assumed a specific risk of harm.
A person impliedly assumes the risk of harm, if that person knows of a specific risk associated with a course of conduct, understands its nature, and voluntarily chooses to accept the risk by engaging in that conduct.5
Alston objected to this instruction on the ground that it was not supported by the evidence, and on the further ground that it could be misinterpreted to mean that assumption of risk was a complete bar to recovery. She reiterates the same objections on appeal.
Two of the elements of negligence are duty and breach.
Two of the elements of contributory negligence are
The doctrine of assumption of risk has four facets. They are (1) express assumption of risk; (2) implied primary assumption of risk; (3) implied reasonable assumption of risk; and (4) implied unreasonable assumption of risk.
The third and fourth facets, implied reasonable and implied unreasonable assumption of risk, are nothing more than alternative names for contributory negligence. As the Supreme Court has said, they "involve the plaintiffs voluntary choice to encounter a risk created by the defendant’s negligence,” and they "retain no independent significance from contributory negligence after the adoption of comparative negligence.”
The first and second facets, express assumption of risk
Although the first and second facets involve the same idea—the plaintiff’s consent to negate a duty the defendant would otherwise have owed to the plaintiff— they differ with respect to the way in which the plaintiff manifests consent.
Because the plaintiff’s consent lies at the heart of both express and implied primary assumption of risk, "[i]t is important to carefully define the scope” of that consent.
These principles mean, among other things, that a trial court may instruct on both contributory negligence and assumption of risk if the evidence produced at trial is sufficient to support two distinct findings: (a) that the plaintiff consented to relieve the defendant of one or more duties that the defendant would otherwise have owed to the plaintiff, and (b) that the plaintiff failed to exercise ordinary care for his or her own safety.
The record in this case contains no evidence that Alston
The defendants argue that Instruction 13 was harmless, but we do not agree. Instruction 13 stated that the defendants had a "defense” (and, by implication, Alston could not recover) if Alston knew of a specific risk associated with crossing the street, understood that risk, and voluntarily chose to cross anyway. Given that the evidence showed nothing more than arguable contributory negligence, this contravened Washington’s comparative negligence scheme, and it may well have been the reason the jury rendered a defense verdict. There is a reasonable likelihood that Instruction 13 skewed the verdict, and a new trial is required.
II
Alston next contends that the trial court erred by refusing to give an instruction embodying the so-called volunteer doctrine. She proposed three alternative instructions, the simplest of which stated: "A person, having no duty to act, who nevertheless cho[o]ses to act, must do so without negligence.”
A party is entitled to jury instructions that allow him or her to argue his or her theory of the case, provided of course that he or she has produced evidence sufficient
In general, a person "who undertakes, albeit gratuitously, to render aid to or warn a person in danger is required by our law to exercise reasonable care in his efforts, however commendable.”
Panitz v. Orenge
Throughout the events in question here, McVay owed a duty to operate his truck with reasonable care. Before he stopped his truck, however, he did not owe a duty to help Alston cross the street safely; that was solely her responsibility. Even after he stopped his truck, he still did not owe a duty to help Alston cross the street safely— unless and until he undertook to wave her in front of the truck and across the southbound lanes. If he did that, a jury could find that he assumed a duty to help Alston cross the street; that he was obligated to discharge that duty with reasonable care; and that he failed to exercise reasonable care by not perceiving Blythe, or by failing to warn of Blythe’s presence.
The remaining question is whether a jury could find that McVay waved Alston across the southbound lanes. It could, for Alston so testified and a jury could credit her testimony if it wanted to. We hold that Alston was entitled to argue that McVay assumed a duty of reasonable care by waving her across the street, and that the trial court erred by refusing her proposed Instruction 17.
Ill
Alston next contends that the trial court improperly instructed on the effect to be given to a violation, if any, of RCW 46.61.235.
This contention is contrary to RCW 5.40.060.
IV
Citing Jung v. York,
We disagree. The contested instructions were appropriate in the event the jury found that Alston was not in a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Moreover, even if Alston was in a marked or unmarked crosswalk, she still had a duty to exercise reasonable care for her own safety,
Jung v. York is not to the contrary.
V
Over Alston’s objection, the trial court permitted McVay and Blythe to ask Alston’s physician whether he had been paid only in part, and whether he would receive the remainder of his bill only if Alston’s lawsuit succeeded. The physician said he had received partial payment from DSHS,
Evidence showing payments from a collateral source is inadmissible to reduce a claimant’s damages.
Evidence is relevant for a proper purpose if it tends to show a witness’ bias.
The evidence offered here was relevant for a proper purpose, because it tended to show that Alston’s physician had an interest in the outcome of the lawsuit. Even if it was inadmissible on the issue of Alston’s damages, the trial court was obligated to balance its probative value on the issue of bias against the danger of unfair prejudice on the issue of damages. The trial court’s ruling was discretionary, and we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ruling as it did.
Reversed and remanded for new trial.
Bridgewater, A.C.J., and Armstrong, J., concur.
Alston was accompanied by her child, but that fact is not material here.
See WAC 388-87-010(6) ("A provider shall not bill, demand, or otherwise collect reimbursement, from a client ... for a service included in the client’s medical program’s scope of benefits.”); WAC 388-87-010(9) ("A provider may bill a client for noncovered services only when the:. . . (b) Client received reimbursement directly from a third party for services the department has no payment responsibility for”). See also RCW 74.09.180; WAC 388-87-020(2); WAC -388.87.007(3).
See WAC 388-87-250(5) ("The provider shall refund to the department, when the third party pays the provider after the department has reimbursed the provider, the amount of the: . . . (b) Department’s payment when the third-party payment is equal to or greater than the department’s maximum allowable rate.”).
See Falk v. Keene Corp., 53 Wn. App. 238, 246, 767 P.2d 576, aff’d, 113 Wn.2d 645 (1989).
Clerk’s Papers at 334.
Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoological Soc’y, 124 Wn.2d 121, 127-28, 875 P.2d 621 (1994); Hansen v. Friend, 118 Wn.2d 476, 479, 824 P.2d 483 (1992); Mathis v. Ammons, 84 Wn. App. 411, 415-16, 928 P.2d 431 (1996), review denied, 132 Wn.2d 1008 (1997); Doherty v. Municipality of Metro. Seattle, 83 Wn. App. 464, 469, 921 P.2d 1098 (1996). Other elements, not in issue here, are causation and damages. Mathis, 84 Wn. App. at 416.
See Geschwind v. Flanagan, 121 Wn.2d 833, 854 P.2d 1061 (1993); Schooley v. Pinch’s Deli Mkt., Inc., 80 Wn. App. 862, 874, 912 P.2d 1044, review granted, 129 Wn.2d 1025 (1996); Daly v. Lynch, 24 Wn. App. 69, 76, 600 P.2d 592 (1979). As we have explained elsewhere, duty in this context involves at least three
See Geschwind, 121 Wn.2d at 838; Seattle-First Nat’l Bank v. Shoreline Concrete Co., 91 Wn.2d 230, 238, 588 P.2d 1308 (1978). Another element, not in issue here, is that the plaintiffs breach of duty be a cause of plaintiffs own damages. Price v. Kitsap Transit, 70 Wn. App. 748, 756, 856 P.2d 384 (1993), aff'd, 125 Wn.2d 456 (1994); Alvarez v. Keyes, 76 Wn. App. 741, 744, 887 P.2d 496 (1995). See also Grobe v. Valley Garbage Serv. Inc., 87 Wn.2d 217, 231-232, 551 P.2d 748 (1976).
Geschwind, 121 Wn.2d at 838; Alvarez, 76 Wn. App. at 744.
Tincani, 124 Wn.2d at 143; Scott v. Pacific W. Mt. Resort, 119 Wn.2d 484, 496, 834 P.2d 6 (1992); Kirk v. Washington State Univ., 109 Wn.2d 448, 453, 746 P.2d 285 (1987); Shorter v. Drury, 103 Wn.2d 645, 655, 695 P.2d 116 (1985); Leyendecker v. Cousins, 53 Wn. App. 769, 773, 770 P.2d 675 (1989).
Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497; see also Leyendecker, 53 Wn. App. at 774-75.
Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 498; Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 453-54; Dorr v. Big Creek Wood Prods., Inc., 84 Wn. App. 420, 426-27, 927 P.2d 1148 (1996).
Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497; see also Tincani, 124 Wn.2d at 143 (implied primary assumption of risk "is really a principle of no duty, or no negligence, and so denies the existence of the underlying action”); Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 427 (implied primary assumption of risk "is only the counterpart of the defendant’s lack of duty to protect the plaintiff from that risk”); Leyendecker, 53 Wn. App. at 773.
Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 496-98; Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 425; Leyendecker, 53 Wn. App. at 773.
Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 453; Leyendecker, 53 Wn. App. at 773.
Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 496-97; Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 453; Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 427 ("Those who choose to participate in sports or other amusements likely to cause harm to the participant, for example, impliedly consent in advance to excuse the defendant from any duty to protect the participant from being injured by the risks inherent in such activity”); cf. Foster v. Carter, 49 Wn. App. 340, 346, 742 P.2d 1257 (1987) (plaintiff elected to participate in BB gun war).
Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 431.
Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497; see also Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 456 (“plaintiffs assumption of certain known risks in a sport or recreational activity does not preclude recovery for injuries resulting from risks not known or not voluntarily encountered.”)
See Scott, 119 Wn.2d at 497.
See Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 431.
Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 426.
Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 426. In passing, we observe that Division One has expressed skepticism concerning the propriety of some of the Washington Pattern Jury Instructions (WPI) on assumption of risk. Dorr, 84 Wn. App. at 430-31. Sharing that skepticism, we additionally suggest that the term "assumption of risk” is needlessly confusing, at least when used in jury instructions. When assumption of risk is properly an issue for the jury, the jury should simply he
See Hill v. GTE Directories Sales Corp., 71 Wn. App. 132, 144, 856 P.2d 746 (1993) (error not prejudicial "unless it is likely the outcome would have been different without it”).
Plaintiff’s Proposed Instruction 17, Clerk’s Papers at 313.
Gammon v. Clark Equip. Co., 104 Wn.2d 613, 617, 707 P.2d 685 (1985); Hizey v. Carpenter, 119 Wn.2d 251, 266, 830 P.2d 646 (1992); Douglas v. Freeman, 117 Wn.2d 242, 256-57, 814 P.2d 1160 (1991).
Brown v. MacPherson’s, Inc., 86 Wn.2d 293, 299, 545 P.2d 13 (1975); Roth v. Kay, 35 Wn. App. 1, 4, 664 P.2d 1299 (1983); Panitz v. Orenge, 10 Wn. App. 317, 320, 518 P.2d 726 (1973).
Brown, 86 Wn.2d at 299; see also Panitz, 10 Wn. App. at 320; Ashley v. Ensley, 44 Wn.2d 74, 78-79, 265 P.2d 829 (1954).
The court described RCW 46.61.235 in its Instruction 15. That instruction stated:
A statute provides:
(1) That the driver of a vehicle shall yield the right of way, slowing down or stopping if necessary, to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within a crosswalk when the pedestrian is upon the half of the roadway upon which the vehicle is traveling or approaching so closely from the opposite half of the roadway as to be in danger.
*38 (2) That whenever a vehicle is stopped at a marked crosswalk or at any unmarked crosswalk at an intersection to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway, the driver of any other vehicle approaching from the rear shall not overtake and pass such stopped vehicle.
(3) That a pedestrian crossing a roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right of way to all vehicles upon the roadway.
"Crosswalk” means the portion of the roadway between the intersection area and a prolongation or connection of the farthest sidewalk line or, in the event there are no sidewalks, then between the intersection area and a line ten feet therefrom, except as modified by a marked crosswalk.
This right of way, however, is not absolute but relative, and the duty to exercise ordinary care to avoid collisions rests upon both parties. The primary duty, however, rests upon the party not having the right of way.
Clerk’s Papers at 336.
Court’s instruction 14, Clerk’s Papers at 335.
PlaintifFs Proposed Instruction 5, Clerk’s Papers at 281.
RCW 5.40.050 provides, subject to exceptions not pertinent here, that "[a] breach of a duty imposed by statute . . . shall not be considered negligence per se, but may be considered by the trier of fact as evidence of negligence . . . .”
84 Wn. App. 411, 416-19, 928 P.2d 431 (1996), review denied, 132 Wn.2d 1008 (1997).
75 Wn.2d 195, 449 P.2d 409 (1969).
Instruction 10 stated:
It is the duty of every person using a public street or highway whether a pedestrian or a driver or a vehicle to exercise ordinary care to avoid placing*39 himself or herself or others in danger and to exercise ordinary care to avoid a collision.
Instruction 11 stated:
Every person using a public street or highway has the right to assume that other persons thereon will use ordinary care and will obey the rules of the road, and has a right to proceed on such assumption until he or she knows, or in the exercise of ordinary care should know, to the contrary.
Instruction 12 stated: "Every person has a duty to see what would be seen by a person exercising ordinary care.” Instruction 15 is quoted in a previous footnote.
Br. of Appellant at 17.
Shasky v. Burden, 78 Wn.2d 193, 195, 470 P.2d 544 (1970); Oberlander v. Cox, 75 Wn.2d 189, 193, 449 P.2d 388 (1969); Jung, 75 Wn.2d at 198 (pedestrian in crosswalk has right to assume that operators of approaching vehicles will yield the right of way "until he knows or should know to the contrary”) (emphasis added).
Hammel v. Rife, 37 Wn. App. 577, 586, 682 P.2d 949 (1984).
75 Wn.2d at 195.
Johnson v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 84 Wn. App. 713, 719, 930 P.2d 331, review granted, 132 Wn.2d 1001 (1997).
Report of Proceedings at 381.
See Shasky, 78 Wn.2d 193; Oberlander, 75 Wn.2d 189; and Clements v. Blue Cross, 37 Wn. App. 544, 682 P.2d 942 (1984). In each of those cases, the court found sufficient evidence to submit contributory negligence to the jury.
The reference to DSHS violated an earlier order of the court, but the court did not abuse its discretion in handling the matter as it did.
Ciminski v. SCI Corp., 90 Wn.2d 802, 804, 585 P.2d 1182 (1978); Stone v. City of Seattle, 64 Wn.2d 166, 172, 391 P.2d 179 (1964); Fleming v. Mulligan, 3 Wn. App. 951, 954, 478 P.2d 754 (1970).
Fleming, 3 Wn. App. at 954.
State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d 24, 92, 882 P.2d 747 (1994); Dods v. Harrison, 51 Wn.2d 446, 447-48, 319 P.2d 558 (1957).
State v. Smits, 58 Wn. App. 333, 338, 792 P.2d 565 (1990), citing 5 Robert Meisenholder, Washington Practice: Evidence § 299, at 264 (1965) and 5A Karl Teglund, Washington Practice: Evidence § 225 (3d ed. 1989) (trial court erred by prohibiting defendant in criminal assault case from asking whether victim contemplated a civil suit; answer would tend to show whether victim had a financial interest in the outcome of the criminal case); State v. Buss, 76 Wn. App. 780, 787-89, 887 P.2d 920 (1995) (similar); State v. Guizzotti, 60 Wn. App. 289, 292-94, 803 P.2d 808 (1991) (similar).