575 N.W.2d 11 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1998
ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross Appellant,
v.
Judith MILLER, Personal Representative of the Estate of Jack Bylski, Deceased, and Personal Representative of the Estate of Mary Rita Bylski, Deceased, Defendant-Appellant/Cross Appellee.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*12 Garan, Lucow, Miller Seward & Becker, P.C. by Rosalind Rochkind and James L. Borin, Detroit, for Allstate Insurance Company.
*13 Rosen & Lovell, P.C. by Joan Lovell and Paul A. Rosen, Detroit, and Richard Lenter, Southfield, for Judith Miller.
Before CORRIGAN, C.J., and RICHARD ALLEN GRIFFIN and HOEKSTRA, JJ.
AFTER REMAND
CORRIGAN, Chief Judge.
This insurance coverage dispute returns to this Court for the fourth time[1] for consideration whether a question of fact exists regarding the applicability of an intentional-acts exclusion to Alvin Freeman's killing of Jack Bylski. Our Supreme Court previously remanded this case to the trial court because the trial court had prematurely granted summary disposition. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller, 448 Mich. 909, 533 N.W.2d 581 (1995). On remand, the trial court granted plaintiff's motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) regarding its claim that its homeowner's policy did not provide coverage for its insured's intentional act in shooting defendant's decedent. Defendant appeals by right the order granting plaintiff's motion. Plaintiff cross appeals. We affirm the grant of summary disposition and dismiss the cross appeal as moot.
I. Underlying Facts and Procedural History
In 1984, plaintiff's insured, Alvin Freeman, shot and killed Jack Bylski at the Rialto Restaurant in Ferndale. Freeman entered the restaurant, ordered a drink and a meal, and then went to the men's restroom. Freeman returned from the restroom armed with a handgun and opened fire in the crowded restaurant. One of bullets struck and killed Bylski. Three other bullets struck Dan Bolen, who survived. Freeman took waitress Karen Taylor hostage and ordered everyone else to leave the restaurant. Freeman completed the first stage of this tragic incident in, at most, a few minutes.
Police officers soon arrived and attempted to negotiate with Freeman, who held them at bay by periodically firing shots out the restaurant window. Despite police efforts, Freeman shot Karen Taylor in the head for no apparent reason. Responding to the shot and Taylor's screams, the officers shot and killed Freeman during their attempt to rescue Taylor. Taylor ultimately died from her injuries a year later.
Bolen and the personal representatives of Bylski's and Taylor's estates filed tort actions against Freeman's estate. Plaintiff insurer defended the action and filed a declaratory action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, seeking a determination regarding coverage. That action resulted in a mistrial. Before the new trial, the district court dismissed the action without prejudice because plaintiff should have sought relief in state court. Plaintiff thereafter commenced this action, seeking a declaratory ruling that its policy did not cover Freeman's intentional acts in shooting Bylski, Taylor, and Bolen. Plaintiff subsequently moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). The trial court granted the motion because, it determined, the policy's intentional-acts exclusion applied. This Court reversed, however, on the ground that a genuine issue of fact existed regarding Freeman's state of mind. This Court reasoned that if Freeman could not form the intent to act because of insanity, he did not act intentionally within the terms of the exclusion. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller (Miller I), 175 Mich.App. 515, 520, 522, 438 N.W.2d 638 (1989).
In lieu of granting plaintiff's application for leave to appeal, our Supreme Court remanded this matter to this Court for reconsideration in light of Allstate Ins. Co. v. Freeman, 432 Mich. 656, 443 N.W.2d 734 (1989). Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller, 434 Mich. 882, 452 N.W.2d 209 (1990). On remand, this Court reaffirmed its prior decision, reasoning that Freeman, supra, did not affect this Court's *14 determination that if Freeman was insane, he did not act intentionally for purposes of the exclusion. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller (On Remand) (Miller II), 185 Mich.App. 345, 347-348, 460 N.W.2d 612 (1990). On plaintiff's second application for leave to appeal, our Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave, vacated this Court's judgment and remanded for reconsideration in light of Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Churchman, 440 Mich. 560, 489 N.W.2d 431 (1992), Frankenmuth Mut. Ins. Co. v. Piccard, 440 Mich. 539, 489 N.W.2d 422 (1992), and Group Ins. Co. of Michigan v. Czopek, 440 Mich. 590, 489 N.W.2d 444 (1992). Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller, 441 Mich. 929, 498 N.W.2d 736 (1993).
On second remand, this Court again affirmed its decision in Miller I, reasoning that Churchman, Piccard, and Czopek did not affect this Court's determination that a question of fact existed whether Freeman was not aware of, or unable to control, his actions. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller (On Remand) (Miller III), unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 8, 1993 (Docket No. 161270). On plaintiff's third application for leave, our Supreme Court again vacated this Court's judgment, and remanded the case to the circuit court. The Court held that Freeman's actions in shooting Bolen and Taylor were "intentional" within the policy exclusion language. However, regarding Freeman's actions in shooting Bylski, the Court held that the trial court prematurely granted summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) on the limited record then before the Court. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller, 448 Mich. 909, 533 N.W.2d 581 (1995).
On remand, plaintiff again moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) on the ground that Freeman's actions fell within the intentional-acts exclusion. The trial court reasoned:
The Court would note that the Court has spent a lot of time on this motion. I've reviewed again and again the Defendant's position and I believe them [sic] to be incorrect. The review of the Bolen deposition, in the Court's mind, is sufficient to show that Alvin Freeman discharged a gun into an occupied restaurant in an intentional manner and that the bodily injury of Bylski was a natural and foreseeable consequence of the Freeman intentional action; this went to the Freeman and Maloney cases. Now, I've heard your examples. I've heard the pumpkin example. But when I look at this case and I, again and again, go back to the facts ... a person goes in with a gun, two of the parties are killed or injured. The Court believes that in fact the exclusion to the policythat this is a case in which the exclusion of the policy should be applied with regard to Bylski and I believe that summary disposition should be granted.
Now, let me say a few other things on this case, too. In this case, where you havethere's been a ten year hiatus and let's say Bolen's is the only testimony. The Court thinks that that's sufficient. A lot of work has gone into this case, a lot of tremendous advocacy. But I just do not believe that, pursuant to the law in this state and what's before me, that there would be coverage and I'm going to grant the motion for summary disposition.
II. Propriety of Summary Disposition on the Supplemental Record
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in granting plaintiff's motion because a genuine issue of fact exists whether Freeman's actions fell within the policy exclusion. We disagree. This Court reviews de novo a trial court's ruling on a motion for summary disposition. Industrial Machinery & Equipment Co., Inc. v. Lapeer Co. Bank & Trust Co., 213 Mich.App. 676, 678, 540 N.W.2d 781 (1995). A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual basis underlying a plaintiff's claim and permits summary disposition when, except for the amount of damages, no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. When deciding the motion, the court considers the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence in a light most favorable to the opposing party. Frankenmuth Mut. Ins. Co. v. Masters, 225 Mich.App. 51, 55-56, 570 N.W.2d 134 (1997).
We reject defendant's primary argument that the trial court should not have *15 granted summary disposition because plaintiff did not conduct further discovery on remand. When an appellate court remands a matter to the trial court, the court may take any action that is consistent with the appellate court's opinion. VanderWall v. Midkiff, 186 Mich.App. 191, 196, 463 N.W.2d 219 (1990). Here, our Supreme Court determined on the record then before it that the trial court prematurely granted summary disposition regarding whether Freeman's actions toward Bylski fell within the intentional-acts exclusion. On remand, plaintiff supplemented the record with Dan Bolen's entire deposition testimony and the affidavit of Vincent Mullen, who had been present in the restaurant during the shooting. Also, defendant submitted the affidavits of seven other witnesses to the shooting. Under these circumstances, plaintiff did not have to conduct further discovery before moving for summary disposition because the parties supplied evidence that was not before our Supreme Court when it ruled.
We concede that the additional evidence sheds little light on the circumstances surrounding the shooting because no witness can say precisely what Freeman did and which shot killed Bylski. Given the nature of the events, this should come as no surprise. The restaurant employees and patrons were undoubtedly more concerned with their safety during the shooting than with closely observing Freeman's every act and mannerism. The litigants and the courts have spent the past thirteen years dissecting the factual scenario and debating the legal ramifications of a tragic incident that took place in seconds, or at most, a few minutes. This case is now certainly ripe for summary disposition. The parties have developed the record to the fullest extent possible.
Plaintiff's policy provides in pertinent part:
We do not cover any bodily injury or property damage which may reasonably be expected to result from the intentional or criminal acts of an insured person or which is in fact intended by an insured person.
The language "reasonably be expected" is unambiguous and requires that the court apply an objective standard of expectation. Freeman, supra at 686, 443 N.W.2d 734. By contrast, the language "in fact intended by an insured person" requires that the court apply a subjective standard of expectation. See id. Thus, coverage is excluded under the policy when (1) the insured acted either intentionally or criminally and (2) the insured either reasonably expected or actually intended that the particular injury would result from his intentional or criminal conduct. An injury is reasonably expected where it is the natural, foreseeable, expected, and anticipated result of the intentional or criminal conduct. Id. at 687-688, 443 N.W.2d 734.
The trial court properly granted plaintiff's motion because Freeman acted intentionally and reasonably expected that Bylski's injury would result from his actions. In Miller III, this Court determined that a factual question existed whether Freeman acted intentionally because defendant presented evidence of Freeman's mental incapacity. Regarding Freeman's actions toward Bolen and Taylor, our Supreme Court reversed this Court's decision. Regarding Freeman's actions toward Bylski, the Court remanded this matter for further proceedings. 448 Mich. 909, 533 N.W.2d 581. On remand, the trial court correctly recognized that its decision whether to grant summary disposition did not turn on whether Freeman was insane:
After Churchman and the Supreme Court's actions in Miller I, II, and III, the law in Michigan is clear: Evidence that an insured suffers from mental illness, standing alone, does not create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the insured intended his actions or the consequences of his actions. [Miller v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 218 Mich.App. 221, 231, 553 N.W.2d 371 (1996).]
The record clearly establishes that Freeman acted intentionally. Freeman shot Bylski and Bolen within a matter of seconds. The record contains no evidence that Freeman fired his gun by accident. Rather, all the available evidence demonstrates that Freeman intended to discharge his weapon. The trial court correctly found no genuine issue of material fact whether Freeman's actions toward Bylski were intentional for purposes of the intentional-acts exclusion.
*16 Regarding the second prong of the Freeman test, the trial court correctly determined that Bylski's injury was the natural, foreseeable, expected, and anticipated result of Freeman's conduct. Freeman repeatedly discharged his weapon in a crowded restaurant. On the record before us, the court need not submit this matter to a trier of fact to determine whether Freeman pointed the weapon at Bylski before he fired, fired a shot into the air and it ricocheted into Bylski, or fired indiscriminately throughout the room. Under the circumstances of this case, the natural, foreseeable, and expected result of the conduct is the same, no matter how Freeman fired his gun. Freeman reasonably expected that his actions would result in someone being shot when he repeatedly discharged a firearm in a crowded room. Therefore, the trial court properly granted plaintiff's motion for summary disposition.
In light of our determination that the trial court properly granted plaintiff's motion for summary disposition, we dismiss plaintiff's cross appeal as moot.[2]
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller (Miller I), 175 Mich. App. 515, 520, 522, 438 N.W.2d 638 (1989); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Miller (On Remand) (Miller II), 185 Mich.App. 345, 347-348, 460 N.W.2d 612 (1990); Allstate Ins Co v. Miller (On Remand) (Miller III), unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 8, 1993 (Docket No. 161270). Consistent with this Court's recently adopted policy designed to facilitate legal research, we publish our opinion primarily because two of this Court's previous decisions in this case generated published opinions.
[2] Plaintiff argues in its cross appeal that (1) its policy did not cover the injuries for which defendant sought recovery, (2) defendant did not preserve her argument regarding whether plaintiff's insured acted intentionally and reasonably expected that injury would result from his actions because defendant did not raise those issues in her previous appeal, and (3) the trial court erred in refusing to consider certain witnesses' signed, unsworn statements that plaintiff filed in support of its motion.