111 F. 264 | U.S. Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illnois | 1901
The bill in this case alleges that the workmen employed in certain departments of complainant’s manufacturing plants have left such employment in a body; have organized a “strike”; have, for the purpose of enforcing' said “strike” and compelling complainant to accede to their demands, conspired to use organized efforts to injure complainant’s business, and to cause complainant great pecuniary loss; have, in pursuance of such conspiracy, established patrols or pickets about complainant’s several premises; and have, by acts of violence, as well as by other actions and words calculated to intimidate, caused such persons as desired to enter or remain in the employ of complainant to' fear bodily injurv in the event they do not refrain from such employment. The bill further alleges that many acts of violence have been committed against employés of complainant by strikers and by members of the lodges made parties defendant; that, because of the fear of said employés to go upon the streets of Chicago, complainant is compelled to maintain said employés within its premises, at great cost to it and injustice to them; that complainant’s business has been injured to the extent of more than $100,000 by reason of said conspiracy and the acts of defendants in pursuance thereof; that the persons committing such acts are irresponsible; and that the damage done to complainant’s business is, by reason of the premises, irreparable. The bill prays for the usual relief, and also for a temporary injunction restraining the various lodges made parties defendant,’ their officers and members, as well as the individuals specifically named as defendants, from conspiring to injure complainant’s business and property, and from in any manner compelling or inducing, by the use of threats, intimidation of any sort, fraud, deception, or violence, any persons to leave complainant’s employment, or not to enter its employ, if desirous of so doing, and from doing any act or thing whatsoever by any of the aforesaid means or methods in furtherance of a purpose to impede, interrupt, obstruct, or interfere with the business of complainant, or to impede any of its officers or employés in the free and unhindered conduct and control of complainant's business; also that the defendants and each of them, and their confederates, aiders, and abettors, be restrained from, both singly and in combination with others, picketing, guarding, obstructing, impeding, besetting, or patrolling the streets, alleys, or approaches to the premises of complainant, or ordering the same to be done, with the purpose and in such manner as to intimidate, threaten, impede, obstruct, or coerce any of the employés of complainant or persons seeking employment of the complainant.
In support of this motion complainant presents numerous affidavits, from which it appears that many of the present employés of complainant have been waylaid and badly beaten in going to and from the works of complainant; that the present employés are all in great fear of bodily injury in the event they leave the premises of
' By way of reply, two pleas have been filed,—one by defendant .Ireland, averring that complainant is a trust, and therefore has no standing in equity; and the other by defendant Roderick, averring that complainant is a member of a voluntary association or combination of employers organized for the purpose of fighting the International Association of Machinists in the matters involved in this suit, and the methods pursued by said combination of employers are similar to the methods of defendants complained of in the bill. Neither of these pleas can be considered upon this application, at this stage of the proceeding.
"Defendants also file numerous affidavits, which, in substance, set forth that none of the defendants have either committed, counseled, or countenanced any of the acts complained of in the bill and affidavits ; that a strike is in progress, but that the same is peaceful and orderly; that no intimidation, threats, or violence are or have been used by defendants or by their direction; that the acts of violence set forth in complainant’s affidavits, if the same ever occurred, were committed by enemies of defendants and of organized labor, for the purpose of discrediting defendants in the eyes of the court and of the public, or by the criminal elements of society, who have no manner of connection with defendants; that the only methods or procedure used by defendants in furtherance of their said strike are those of peaceable organization and moral suasion; that pickets have been established, under the direction of certain of defendants, near the works of complainant, for the sole purpose of notifying all workmen seeking employment there that a strike is on, and that the plant is fighting organized labor; that these pickets simply give this information, and in no manner, by acts, words, or demeanor, attempt to intimidate employés or prospective employés of complainant, or to coerce them into refusing to work fqr complainant.
While it will be seen that defendants deny all violence and intimidation, yet it is beyond question that such a condition exists about said plants that men seeking to work there stand in fear of bodily injury to such a degree that complainant for such reason is unable to secure a sufficient number to carry on its said business, and is compelled to keep what men it does employ within its premises, as in a fortress. They are there subjéct to so many privations that the only reasonable explanation for their enduring them is their evident desire to work, and their fear of bodily injury in case they
Under all the conflict of evidence in this case, it is undeniable that the defendants, or some of them, and their confederates, have conspired to and have greatly intimidated complainant’s workmen, and thereby have intended to and have done great and irreparable injury to complainant’s business and property, largely in excess of the necessary jurisdictional amount. It is conceivable, theoretically, that patrols or pickets could be maintained upon the platonic basis claimed by defendants; but the evidence, taken as a whole, leaves no doubt in the mind of the court that the name was not misapplied in this case. Here a siege exists. Probably to some extent the acts of violence complained of have been done by persons not members of the union and not connected in any manner with the striking workmen, but in some of the cases the evidence is so specific that it cannot be overlooked. It is true that at such times, when excitement runs high, the public mind is inflammable, at least among such persons as usually attach themselves to strikers. It is also true that the criminal classes take advantage of such occasions to commit, under cover of honest men, dastardly and cowardly acts. These facts applied to this case make it apparent that the conduct of defendants was calculated to work a serious wrong to complainant. In the judgment of the court, the pickets were in some case themselves guilty of intimidating complainant’s workmen, and were the indirect, if not the direct, inspiration of like acts and of violence by others. It is conceded that these pickets were appointed and directed by officers and members of defendant lodges. That a conspiracy existed. among a number of these officers and members to stop, and thereby injure, the business of complainant, by intimidation and violence, is evident. It] a conspiracy of this character, where it is difficult to even learn the names of the individual members of the lodges, the active co-operation of the individual members in the conspiracy is difficult to establish by direct proofs; but their acquiescence in, and connivance at, the methods pursued by their officers and leaders, is easily established by the results sought and accomplished.
^ These being the facts in this case, the law is clear and emphatic. The jurisdiction of a court of equity to restrain the defendants, under the circumstances, is too well established to require citations or be called in question by any one familiar with the decisions. The jurisdiction being established, is there any doubt as to whether the court should, in this case, grant the temporary injunction prayed for? I am clear there is not. As now presented, the court must grant the writ in broad and unmistakable terms, commensurate with the exigen
It is the undoubted right of workmen to quit work severally or in a body, so long as the act does not come within the rule against conspiracies to injure the property of another. They may also use peaceable means in persuading others to join them in carrying out the strike, subject to the above rule. Both of these rights, however, must be exercised in such a manner as not to otherwise interfere with the right of every man to run his own business in his own way, provided he keeps within the law in so doing, or the right of every man to work or not to work, to strike or not to strike, to join a union or not, as he may think best. In other words, a man may decide his own course, and hold himself to certain rules, but he cannot impose those rules or that course upon the conduct of any other man, against his wish, any more than he can place fetters upon his hands or shackles upon his feet. And when, as in the case at bar, the attempt is made, through intimidation and acts of violence, to effect this end, it is tyranny of the most despotic character; it is civil war; it is treason to the principles of this and almost every other government. It will not be tolerated.
In many of the states this is prohibited by statute. In sections 158, 159, c. 38, Hurd’s Rev. St. Ill., it is provided as follows:
“See. 158. If any two or more persons shall combine for the purpose of depriving the owner or possessor of property of its Lawful use and management, or of preventing, by threats, suggestions of danger, or any unlawful means, any person from being employed by or obtaining employment from any such owner or possessor of property, on such terms as the parties concerned may agree upon, such person so offending shall be fined not exceeding $500, or confined in^the county jail not exceeding six months.
“See. 159. If any "person shall, by threat, intimidation, or unlawful interference, seek to prevent any other person from working or from obtaining work at any lawful business, on any terms that he may see fit, such person so offending shall be fined not exceeding $200.”
This is a part of the Criminal Code. To the same effect is a long line of decisions independent of the statute.
When, however, the acts referred to are likely to cause irreparable injury to propertv, courts of chancery have, from 'time immemorial, taken jurisdiction for the purpose of protecting parties from such loss. In these days, when capital is tending towards combination, the application of the law is by many assumed to be the creation and enforcement of a new rule. It is as old as the common law, which itself succeeded the law of force. In this country the courts constitute an arm of the government. It is their province to protect the personal and property interests of every man, woman, and child in the enforcement of the laws. This, subject to such imperfections as are human, they have always done, and will do in the future. And herein is the safety of every citizen. Justice is said to be blind. Certain it is that she can discover no difference between the murderous assault, inflicted under cover of a strike, and that of the midnight assassin. Both are equally infamous; both equally criminal.
Complainant’s attorneys may prepare an order in accordance herewith, submit it to defendants’ counsel, and present it to the court on Monday morning next.