delivered the opinion of the court.
In 1925 Edna A. Alley brought action in the district court of Silver Bow county on a promissory note which she alleged was executed and delivered to her by the defendant, Butte & Western Mining Company, which she alleged was a corporation authorized to do business in the state of Montana. She alleged that she was the owner and holder of the note, that it was then past due and wholly unpaid, and that $600 was a reasonable attorney’s fee in the suit.
By answer the defendant admitted its corporate capacity and that the note set out in the complaint was wholly unpaid. It denied all other allegations of the сomplaint, and as affirmative defenses alleged: (1) “That there was no consideration *484 for the execution and delivery of the pretended note”; and (2) that the said note “was to have been executed and delivered” to the plaintiff only upon payment by her to the defendant company of the sum mentioned therein, no part of which sum had ever been paid. The affirmative matter in the answer was denied by reply.
The cause came on for trial before the court with a jury. Plaintiff testified that she knew the signers of the note to be the president and secretary of the company and knеw their signatures to be genuine; that she was the owner and holder of the note. She produced the note, which was admitted as an exhibit. This note is dated June 4, 1922, payable in five months; it provides that for value received the maker promises to pay to Edna A. Alley the sum of $5,980, with interest at four per cent from date, and provides for attorney’s fees in case of suit; it was signed “Butte & Western Mining Co., by its president L. 0. Goodman”; it bears the impression of the corporate seal of the company and the legend, “By its secretary, Ward Beley.”
Over the objection of plaintiff’s counsel, the defense was permitted on cross-examination to compel the plaintiff to testify as to the consideration for the note, which she stated was money on deposit belonging to her but in her husband’s name, which she permitted her husband to invest or loan, acting as her agent, and was then compelled to admit that the only knowledge which she had of loans made was obtained from her husband, since deceased. On redirect examination the plaintiff testified that her husband was, at the time, the general manager of defendant company with offices at Butte; that at his solicitation as such general manager she loaned the money to the company. She further testified that at one time she attended a stockholders’ meeting and there heard the president, L. 0. Goodman, report to the stockholders on the liabilities of the company, in which report he “mentioned her name and indebtedness. ’ ’
L. 0. Goodman was then called as a witness for the plaintiff. He testified that he was the president of the company, and *485 identified a page in the minute-book of the company in his handwriting, containing a minute entry of the ratification by the board of directors of the issuance of certain notes aggregating more than $11,000. He was then asked if that amount included the note sued upon, and replied that it did not, but that all those notes were payable to himself. He was then asked: “Why was the ratification of the issuance of those notes to you limited to your notes and not to the notes previously signed by you as president of the company to Mrs. Alley1” He answered this question and others concerning the minute entry. Thereafter counsel for defendant moved the court to strike from the record the exhibit page and all testimony relating thereto, which motion was sustained and the evidence stricken from the record.
On cross-examination thе defense was then permitted, over the objection that it was improper cross-examination, to have the following question answered: “Was any money or did the Butte and Western Company receive any money from any source in consideration for the note offered in evidence in this ease as Plaintiff’s Exhibit ‘A’?” the court stating, “He was asked if he signed it.” The answer was that it never dealt with Mrs. Alley in any manner, and never received any consideration for the note from her or any person acting for her. On redirect the witness explained this statement by saying that the money received by Alley was used in making pаyment on property owned by another corporation, in which he and Alley were interested, but when asked how he knew that, answered, “I knew from what I was told.” He testified that Alley was the general manager of the company, but only as to its operations and without power to borrow money or issue notes. He stated, however, that prior to the giving of the note Alley had furnished the company with $800 or $900. He explained the reason for giving the note to Alley for Mrs. Alley was that Alley had, by letter, threatened to kill the witness and other members of the company and throw the company into the hands of a receiver if the note was not forthcoming. While the note was dated January 4, being *486 about tbe time tbe money was furnished, it was not, according to the witness, executed and delivered until April.
In refutation of his statement that Alley had no authority to borrow money, the witness was shown a letter written on company stationery and signed, “L. 0. Goodman,” in which he canvassed the condition of the company and called attention to its urgent need of money, and closed with, “so do anything you see fit that you think will get the money from any of your connections, and you have my backing.” On defendant’s objection the offer of the letter in evidence was excluded. On cross-examination the witness testified that neither the company nor anyone for it had authority to borrow money for the company.
Plaintiff attempted to show what amount would be a reasonable attorney’s fee, but the offer was excluded, the court stating that it would take “judicial notice of what a reasonable attorney’s fee is in a case of this kind.”
Plaintiff rested, and thereupon defendant’s counsel stated that “the defendant rests.” Defendant then moved for a directed verdict, which motion was granted; the verdict was returned and judgment for defendant entered thereon. Plaintiff has appealed from the judgment, and makes twelve assignments of error. Assignments numbered 1 to 6, inclusive, predicate error upon the rulings of the court permitting the defense to make its proof on the allegation of want of consideration by the cross-examination of the plaintiff and the witness Goodman, which present the question as to whether plaintiff was required to go into the matter of consideration.
1. In support of the ruling, counsel for defendant contend that the burden rested upon the plaintiff to establish each of the essential elements of a contract as enumerаted in section 7468, Revised Codes of 1921, which includes “a sufficient consideration.” While such consideration is an essential element of a valid contract, the contract here involved is a .negotiable instrument, which is deemed
prima facie
to have been issued for a valuable consideration, and to which the
*487
signer is deemed to have become a party for value (sec. 8431, Rev. Codes 1921;
Allen
v.
Montana Refining Co.,
Had the minute entry of the company’s board of directors and the testimony concerning it been permitted to remain in the record, the cross-examination of Goodman would have been proper, as counsel for plaintiff opened the door to such examination by his interrogation of the witness; but before any question was propounded on cross-examination, the exhibit and all testimony concerning the same were, on motion of the defendant, stricken from the record. There was then nothing left on which to base cross-examination except the statement by the witness that he signed the note, to which attention was called by the court in ruling on the first objection interposed. This testimony went only to the proof of the note and had nothing to do with the question of consideration. The cross-examination of Goodman is therefore in the same condition as that of the plaintiff.
2. “The opposite party may cross-examine the witness as to any facts stated in his direct examination or connected therewith, ’ ’
etc.
(Sec. 10665, Rev. Codes 1921.) This section permits a wide range for cross-examination, and it should not be unduly restricted when the matter inquired into is relevant to the subject matter of the examination in chief
(Downey
v.
Northern Pac. Ry. Co.,
As the matter of consideration was presumed from the execution and delivery of the note and the want thereof was a matter of defense which must be pleaded by the defendant (United States Nat. Bank v. Chappell, above), and therefore proved by that party, and the plaintiff did not go into the matter in chief, questions concerning the consideration constituted improper cross-examination, and prejudicial error was committed in overruling plaintiff’s objections to such questions.
3. Specifications 7 and 8 predicate error upon the exclusion of the letter mentioned above and written by Goodman •to B. Y. Alley on the day which Goodman said he thereafter fixed as the proper date for the note sued upon. The objection to this offered exhibit was that it was irrelevant, incompetent and immaterial — a communication from Goodman as an individual and not as an officer of the company to B. Y. Alley and not to plaintiff — and was an attempt to impeach plaintiff’s own witness, not permissible under the law. As to these objections, it must be remembered that Goodman testified that he was the president of the company and that B. Y. Alley was the general manager, and. that Alley had no authority to borrow money for the company, and that he further testified that, at that time, the company was in good financial circumstances and needed no money.
Had this testimony been introduced at the proper time and in the proper manner, the letter would havе been competent for the purpose of impeaching the witness on these damaging statements, and at any time would have been proper for the purpose of showing authority on the part of B. Y. Alley to borrow money for the company, if the president of the corporation had that authority, for it would constitute a delegation of that authority to Alley. The letter was written on company stationery from the president of the company to its general manager, and concerned only the business of the corporation ; it was immaterial that under these circumstances thе *489 president did not add his title to his signature; it was a communication from the president nevertheless.
There is no merit to the contention that the introduction of the letter was an attempt to impeach plaintiff’s own witness; it tended to show that the witness had at other times made statements inconsistent with his present testimony, and, under the then condition of the record, should have been admitted in evidence. (Sec. 10666, Rev. Codes 1921;
State
v.
Richardson,
4. The defendant contends that there was a failure of proof in that, under the denial of the execution of the note, it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to prove the authority of its officers to execute the note, citing, among other cases, that of
Helena Nat. Bank
v.
Rocky Mt. Tel. Co.,
5. But it is contended further that this proof was necessitated by the affirmative defenses interposed. It must be here remembered that the note was in regular form and had all the indicia of corporate execution in the manner usually required by the by-laws of corporations, and that the affirmative defenses went only to consideration and contained a negative pregnant with the admission that the execution and delivery of the note were authorized and were dependent merely upon the passing of the consideration to the corporation. Again the plaintiff was not required to prove authority of the officers by reason of the issues raised by the answer.
6. Error is predicated upon the direction of verdict and the entry of judgment, and, as the defendant treated the testimony brought out by its cross-examination as its defense by moving for a directed verdict rather than for judgment of nonsuit, wе will consider the assertions of the defendant in support of the action of the court as though the testimony was brought out at the proper time and in the usual manner. The *490 first question thus presented is as to whether the corporation had power to borrow money and issue promissory notes therefor. In support of the ruling of the court, defendant insists that the record discloses the fact that the corporation had no power to borrow money or execute notes as evidence of its indebtedness.
“In the United States * * * it is held both in the federal courts and in the state courts that a private сorporation, if not restricted by its charter, has implied power to make, draw, accept and indorse negotiable instruments, and assume all liabilities arising out of such a contract, whenever the transaction is necessary or proper in the conduct of its business.” (Clark & Marshall on Private Corporations, sec. 181, citing the following cases as showing that the rule applies to mining corporations:
Mahoney Min. Co.
v.
Anglo-Californian Bank,
In
Fidelity Trust Co.
v.
Louisville Gas Co.,
The general rule announced is that the common-law powers of the ordinary private corporation are ordinarily the same as those possessed by an individual and may be employed in *491 the same manner; “hence they may, unless restricted by their charters or some positive or clearly implied prohibition of law,” borrow money, evidence their debt in the usual manner, and mortgage their property as security for its payment.
The reference in the foregoing authorities to restrictions found in the charter has no application here, as the ordinary business corporatiоn, such as the defendant company, has no “charter” in the sense that the term is there used; its powers are prescribed by, and obtained through compliance with, the provisions of Part III of our Civil Code of 1921, of which the following mentioned sections are a part:
Section 5905 declares the contents of the articles of incorporation, which must be prepared and filed in the manner prescribed, and, when a certified copy thereof is filed with the secretary of state, that officer issues to the corporation a “certificate” showing merely that such copy compliеs with the law.
Section 5930 requires the adoption of a code of by-laws not inconsistent with'the Constitution and laws of the state, and section 5931 provides certain things which may be included in the by-laws; while section 5994 defines the powers of a corporation, among which we find: “7. To enter into any obligations or contracts essential to the transaction of its ordinary affairs, or for the purposes of the corporation.” The only limitation upon this express power is that it shall not issue bills, notes, etc., “for circulation as money.” (Sec. 5996.)
We have, then, in this state not only no law prohibiting the ordinary industrial corporation from borrowing money and giving its notes thеrefor, but one impliedly granting such power when necessary to the transaction of its ordinary affairs, or for the purposes of the corporation.
The testimony of the witness Goodman to the effect that the company had no such power was but the legal conclusion of the witness, and contrary to the law of the state, in the absence of a showing that, by the articles of incorporation or by-laws of the corporation, the powers of the company were restricted in this regard, and therefore had no evidentiary value.
*492 7. It is next contended that, even though the corporation had power to borrow money and issue notes as evidences of its indebtedness, the president and secretary of the company could not do so for the corporation unless specifically authorized thereto by the board of directors.
A corporation is a fictitious person and can act only through human instrumentality; its corporate powers must be exercised and its business conducted by individuals, and, while those powers may be exercised by its board of directors (sec. 5933), organized by the election of a president, secretary and. treasurer (sec. 5938), it is obvious that the every-day affairs of the corporation cannot wait upon the periodical meetings of the board, but must be attended to by officers and agents either elected or appointed for that purpose. The officer on whom such responsibility naturally falls- is the president, whose action, in the execution of written instruments, is generally attested by the secretary, who is the keeper of the seal.
With the growth of business transacted through the instrumentality of corporations, the rule has been adopted that: “Where the president of a corporation makes a contract within the ordinary scope of the business of the corporation, unless notice to the contrary is given, a person dealing with the president may proceed upon the assumption that the president has authority as agent to bind it. ’ ’
(Mathias
v.
White Sul. Springs
Assn.,
! In
Mayger
v.
St. Louis Min. Co.,
Again we have held that, when a contract is properly signed by the president and secretary of a corporation, as this note was, and the seal of the corporation is affixed theretо, such execution is
prima facie
evidence that the officers signing were duly authorized to execute the instrument and that its execution was the act of the ‘Corporation.
(Gensberger
v.
Adams,
The language used in the foregoing decisions is broad enough to justify a holding that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, either the president, general manager or superintendent of a corporation has power to borrow money and execute promissory notes for the corporation, but the declarations used in an opinion must be read in connection with the facts on which such declarations are predicated. The general manager or superintendent of a corporation may have charge and control only over the physical property of the corporation and the men in its employ, while the financial affairs of the corporation may rest in the hands of others, and contracts such as were considered in the cases from which the quotations are made may fall within the general scope of the duties of such officers. Owing to the danger to the corporation, or to an individual, attendant upon the issuing of promissory notes by an agent, a more strict rulе is applied as to implied power of such agents to execute com *494 mercial paper than that applied in the ease of other contracts, and the declarations above referred to are too broad to be applied in eases wherein negotiable paper constitutes the contract; in such cases it does not do to say that either the president, general manager or superintendent may perform any act which the corporation might have performed, and in such cases we have heretofore laid down a contrary rule.
Thus in
Helena Nat. Bank
v.
Rocky Mt. Tel. Co.,
above, we held that the local “general manager” of a telegraph company had no implied general power to borrow money and execute notes in the name of his company, as “such authority must be expressly conferred or be necessarily implied from the exigencies and general course of the particular employment, or the act must be ratified by the principal,” citing, among other cases,
New York Iron Mine
v.
First Nat. Bank,
In the Selena Bank Case this court also quoted from Tiedeman on Commercial Paper, section 77, dealing with agents of natural persons, that “the presumption of law is more strongly opposed to the implied authority to execute negotiable instruments than to anything else, and, even where there is general authority *495 (given to an agent) to ‘transact all business,’ * * * it is generally held that the powеr to execute bills and notes is not included,” saying, “This rule is applicable to the managing agent or general manager of a nontrading corporation as well as to the agent of a natural person.” In the next section of his work the author declares that “where one is appointed to an office of clerkship, one of whose customary duties is to execute negotiable bills and notes in the name of the principal, the authority need not be expressly given. Thus the appointment as cashier of a banking house or business concern implies a grant of an authority to execute negotiable bills and notes.” (Sec. 78.)
It seems clear, therefore, that there is a distinction to be drawn, in this regard, between a mere general manager of a corporation, or a superintendent of its property, and the president of the corporation having general management of the affairs thereof. On the subject of the power of the president, Mr. Thompson in his work on Corporations, second edition, section 1473, says: “There is some contrariety of judicial opinion as to the implied power of a president to execute and issue notes of the corporаtion. There is no good reason for denying this power where the president is the general manager of the corporation and fully authorized to execute contracts on its behalf, * * * but ordinarily, in the absence of authority expressly conferred or implied from custom or acquiescence, the president cannot execute a note binding upon the corporation.”
It is apparent, therefore, that under certain circumstances the president has such implied power, and the implication should be more strongly drawn where, as here, the note in question is in the form and manner of a nоte issued and executed by the corporation itself. While there is respectable authority to the contrary, proof that such authority did not exist might constitute a good defense to a note issued by the president, but what is the instant situation? There is no proof here to uphold such a defense; on the contrary, the testimony *496 shows that other notes were executed in like manner at about the time the president said this note was, in fact, executed, and the execution of these notes was ratified by the corporation; and the proof clearly indicates that, as pleaded by the defendаnt, had the directors of the corporation considered that it had received the money, this note would have been valid from the beginning. The testimony thus tended to prove a custom and acquiescence from which implied authority might be presumed.
The defendant therefore failed to prove lack of authority to' execute the note, if such proof would constitute a defense.
8. As to failure of consideration, the defendant’s case depends upon the statement made by Goodman that the funds were used by Alley in the payment of a debt other than that of the corporation; but this stаtement was purely hearsay, as he explained his statement by saying, “I knew from what I was told.” But if we consider this evidence as competent, it does not constitute a failure of consideration. B. Y. Alley was the general manager of the corporation; the plaintiff parted with her money to him as the agent of the corporation, and she cannot be held responsible for the misuse of the proceeds of the note. If B. Y. Alley defrauded his principal, it, and not the plaintiff, must suffer.
(American Nat. Bank
v.
Ulm,
9. The plaintiff predicates error upon the exclusion of testi mony concerning a reasonаble attorney’s fee, but, as the
*497
court may determine that matter from the knowledge and experience of the judge, without expert testimony
(Bovee
v.
Helland,
10. As we hold that the plaintiff established a right of recovery and the record contains a full recital of all that took place at the trial and that the defendant submitted to the trial court all that it had in resistance to plaintiff’s cause, which proof is insufficient to defeat or diminish plaintiff’s recovery, it is the province and the duty of this court to direct entry of a judgment in favor of the plaintiff and thus finally dispose of the matter on its merits (secs. 9751 and 8805, Rev. Codes 1921;
Best Mfg. Co.
v.
Hutton,
Reversed and remanded.