176 F. 119 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Eastern Arkansas | 1910
(after stating the facts as above). As the parties are arranged in the bill of complaint, the diversity of citizenship necessary to confer jurisdiction on this court exists; the com"plainant- being a corporation created by and existing under the laws of the state of Missouri, and all the defendants citizens of the state of Arkansas. But it is now well settled by an unbroken line of decisions that, for the purpose of determining the jurisdiction of a national court when it is invoked upon the ground of diversity of citizenship, it is the duty of the court to look beyond the pleadings and arrange the parties according to their real interest in the dispute, and not according to the arbitrary arrangement of the pleader; and if, after such rearrangement, it clearly appears that some of the plaintiffs and defendants are citizens of the same state it is the duty of the court to dismiss the cause for want of jurisdiction. Removal Cases, 100 U. S. 457, 25 L. Ed. 593; Pacific R. R. Co. v. Ketchum, 101 U. S. 289, 25 L.
In the Ketchum Case the court said:
“For tlie purpose of jurisdiction, the court had power to ascertain the real matter in dispute, and arrange the parties on one side or the other of that dispute. If in such arrangement it appeared that those on one side were all citizens of different states from those on tlie other, jurisdiction might be entertained. and the cause proceeded with.”
Of course, the converse of that proposition, that, if upon such rearrangement there is no diversity of citizenship between all the plaintiffs and all the defendants, the jurisdiction fails, is manifestly the law. Upon an examination of the bill and the trust deed sought to be foreclosed, which is made a part thereof, it appears that, while the complainant, the cestui que trust of the mortgage, is a corporation created under the laws of tlie state of Missouri, both the trustees, all the mortgagors, and the subsequent mortgagees are citizens of the state of Arkansas.
The contention that the trustees arc merely nominal parties and could be dismissed entirely cannot be sustained, for it lias been uniformly held by the national courts that trustees in a ¡mortgage deed are not only indispensable parties, but the only necessary parties plaintiffs in a foreclosure proceeding, and for this reason it is their citizenship which controls, and not that of the beneficiaries, and the latter need not be made parties at all, although the pleader may make them parties as they are proper parties. Knapp v. Railroad Company, 20 Wall. 117, 32 L. Ed. 328; Gardner v. Brown, 21 Wall. 36, 22 L. Ed. 527; New Orleans v. Gaines, 138 U. S. 595, 606, 11 Sup. Ct. 428, 34 L. Ed. 1102; Dodge v. Tulleys, 144 U. S. 451, 12 Sup. Ct. 728, 36 L. Ed. 501; Mexican, etc., R. R. Co. v. Eckman, 187 U. S. 429, 23 Sup. Ct. 211, 47 L. Ed. 245; Morris v. Lindauer, 54 Fed. 23, 4 C. C. A. 162; Rust v. Brittle Silver Co., 58 Fed. 611, 7 C. C. A. 389; Griswold v. Batcheller (C. C.) 75 Fed. 470.
Nor is this rule confined to trust deeds in which there are a large number of bonds sought to be secured which are held by numerous parties, many of them unknown. In Dodge v. Tulleys the indebtedness sought to be secured was held by one person only, and it was held that the beneficiary was not a necessary party, and for this reason the fact that he was a citizen of the same state as the mortgagor did not defeat the jurisdiction of a national court if there was a diversity of citizenship between the trustee of the mortgage and the mortgagor.
In Rust v. Brittle Silver Co. it was also urged, as has been in this case, that the trustee is only a nominal party, and for that reason his citizenship immaterial, but Judge Caldwell, speaking for the court in response to this contention, said:
*122 “This position is not’tenable; The deed of trust invests Frost (-the trustee), with the legal .title to. the .premises, and imposes on him the duty of selling the property, and applying the proceeds to the payment of certain debts of. the grantor.' ’* * * To a bill seeking such relief the trustee is not merely a nominal, but an indispensable; party.”
.Wha.t are the interests of a trustee in such a conveyance? Clearly antagonistic to those of the mortgagors who were the grantors and he the grantee. He holds the legal title for the benefit of the beneficiary, and the pleader cannot by making him a codefendant of the mortgágors, instead 'of a co-complainant, invoke the jurisdiction of a national court if he is a citizen of the same state as, the mortgagors. That cannot be done arbitrarily, nor even by reason of a refusal on the part of the trustees to act. It is true in the latter event the trustees may be made parties defendants, but for jurisdictional purposes they will be treated as complainants. Coal Company v. Blatchford, 11 Wall. 172, 20 L. Ed. 179; Pacific Railroad Co. v. Ketchum, supra; Thayer v. Life Association, 112 U. S. 717, 5 Sup. Ct. 355, 28 L. Ed; 864; Peper v. Fordyce, 119 U. S. 469, 7 Sup. Ct. 287, 30 L. Ed. 435; Barth v. Coler, 60 Fed. 466, 9 C. C. A. 81; Shipp v. Williams, 62 Fed. 4, 10 C. C. A. 247; First National Bank v. Radford Trust Co., 80 Fed. 569, 26 C. C. A. 1; Turner v. Building & Loan Ass’n, 101 Fed. 308, 41 C. C. A. 379; Board of Trustees v. Blair (C. C.) 70 Fed. 414.
In Shipp v. Williams the trustees were; as in this case, made parties, 'defendants; the beneficiary being- the sole complainant, the bill alleging that “the trustees had refused and declined to further exercise their duties as trustees in the said deed of trust and announced their determination to decline the use of their names and services in the matter of foreclosing said deeds of trust,” while in the case at bar no reason whatever is alleged why the trustees cannot act in these foreclosure proceedings. Judge, now Mr. Justice Lurton, who delivered the opinion of the court in that case, held that, while it was proper under' the circumstances to make the trustees parties defendants, the court for jurisdictional purposes must arrange them according to their interests, and when so arranged, the trustees being citizens of the same state-as the mortgagors, the court was without jurisdiction. It was further held in that case that:
“The duty of the court to arrange tbe parties according to their interests applies as well in cases of original jurisdiction as' it does under-tibie removal section of the act.”
Whether these principles would apply in a case in which the trustees claim some interest adverse to the beneficiary or when the beneficiary seeks an accounting from the trustees for 'their misconduct it' is unnecessary to deterrifine in this cause, as no such allegations aré made in the bilk " '
Arranging the parties in accordance with these rules, we must treat the defendants Phillips and Irvin, the trustees in the trust deed sought to be foreclosed, as coplaintiffs of the commission company, the beneficiary, and, as the bill alleges that these trustees and the other defendants are all citizens of the state of Arkansas, this, court is without jurisdiction, and the bill must therefore be dismissed for want df-juris-