183 Wis. 323 | Wis. | 1924
It was June 15, 1215, that the people at Runnymede wrested from King John of England the great charter of English liberties wherein the king gave the pledge of the government that “No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned . . . nor will we pass upon him, nor will we send upon him, unless by the judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land.”
That guaranty of personal liberty, under constant struggle between sovereign and subject for hundreds of years, was expanded and confirmed in the English common law until it was said by William Pitt that “The poorest man may in his cottage bid defiance to all the force of the Crown. It may be frail; its roof may shake; the wind may blow through it; the storm may enter; the rain may enter, — but the King of England cannot enter; all his forces dare not cross the threshold of the ruined tenement.” Such was the spirit of English liberties that came to us as a part of our common law. But that was not enough. The founders of our government, in writing the constitution, assumed the liberties of the people to be firmly established and did not write them into the constitution. The' people of this country, however, having had experience under the British crown,, with writs of assistance, refused to accept the constitution until assured of the adoption of amendments that would enumerate and preserve their liberties under a written constitution. Accordingly, there was immediately adopted the “Bill of Rights” contained in the first ten amendments to the federal constitution, among which are found the following pledgees of security of person and property:
“Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or*327 affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to-be seized.”
“Article V. No person-shall be.. . . deprived of life, liberty, or property, without- due process of law. . . .”
These provisions have their counterparts in the Bill of Rights in the Wisconsin constitution, where it is written:
’/’“Article I. Section 1. All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights; among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”
' “Section 11. The right of the people to be secure-in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.”
“Section 22. The blessings of a free government can only be maintained by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, «temperance, frugality and virtue, and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles.”
In speaking of these rights and liberties of the citizens, in Weeks v. U. S. 232 U. S. 383, 34 Sup. Ct. 341, Mr. Justice Day said:
“The effect of the Fourth amendment is to put the courts of the United States and federal officials, in the exercise of their power and authority, under limitations and restraints as to the exercise of such power and authority, and to forever secure the people, their persons, houses, papers and effects against all unreasonable searches and seizures under the guise of law. This protection reaches all alike, whether accused of crime or not, and the duty of giving to it force and effect is obligatory upon all intrusted under our federal system with the enforcement of the laws. The tendency of those-who execute the criminal laws of the country to obtain conviction by means of unlawful Seizures and enforced confessions, the latter often obtained after subjecting accused persons to unwarranted practices destructive of rights secured by -the federal constitution, should find no sanction in*328 the judgments of the courts which are charged at. all times with the support of the constitution and to which people of all conditions have a right to appeal for the' maintenance of such fundamental rights. . . .' If letters and private docu'ments can thus be seized and held and used in evidence against a citizen accused of an offense, the protection of the Fourth amendment declaring his. right to be secure against such searches and seizures is of no value, and, so far as those thus placed are concerned, might as well be stricken from the constitution. The efforts of the courts and their officials to bring the guilty to punishment, praiseworthy as they are, are not to be aided by the sacrifice of those great principles established by years of endeavor and suffering which have resulted in their embodiment in the fundamental law of the land.”
In speaking of the Fourth and Fifth amendments to the federal constitution, .Mr. Justice Clark of the United States supreme court, for the full court, said:
“It would not be possible to add to the emphasis with which the framers of our constitution and this court (in Boyd v. U. S. 116 U. S. 616. 6 Sup. Ct. 524, in Weeks v. U. S. 232 U. S. 383, 34 Sup: Ct. 341, and in Silverthorne L. Co. v. U. S. 251 U. S. 385, 40 Sup. Ct. 182) have declared the importance to political liberty and to the welfare of our country of the due observance of the rights guaranteed under the constitution by these two amendments. The effect of the decisions cited is: that such rights are declared to be indispensable to the ‘full enjoyment of personal security, personal liberty and private property;’ that they are to be regarded as of the very essence of constitutional liberty; and that the guaranty of them is as important and as imperative as are the guaranties of the other fundamental rights of the-individual citizen, — the right to trial by jury, to the writ of habeas corpus, and to due process of law. It has been repeatedly decided that these amendments should receive a liberal construction, so as to prevent stealthy encroachment upon or ‘gradual depreciation’ of the rights secured by them, by imperceptible practice of courts or by well-intentioned but mistakenly .over-zealous executive officers.” Gouled v. U. S. 255 U. S. 298, 41 Sup. Ct. 261. '
. A good illustration of the jealousy with which these guaranties of liberty are regarded is found in Snyder v. U. S. 285 Fed. 1. In that case—
“Defendant, about 2 o’clock in the afternoon of the 5th of : November, 1921, while standing in one of .the public stréets in the city of Wheeling, West Virginia, was approached by a federal prohibition officer, who, observing the inside pocket of his overcoat bulged out and the neck of a bottle protruding therefrom, walked up to him, placed one hand on his shoulder, remarked that he ‘had beat him to it,’ forcibly lifted the bottle halfway out of the pocket with the other, and, finding it to contain a liquid of the appearance of whisky, placed him under arrest, and took him, in spite of his protest and a demand for a warrant, into a near-by store, searched him, finding three other similar bottles, afterwards found to contain whisky, and then took him before a United States commissioner, by whom he was bailed for his appearance at' a subsequent date.”
Concerning'this arrest the court said:
“That an officer may not make an arrest for a misdemeanor not committed in his presence, without a warrant, has been so frequently decided as not to require a citation of authority. It is equally fundamental that a citizen may not be arrested on suspicion of having committed a misdemeanor and have his person searched by force, without a warrant of arrest. If, therefore, the arresting officer in this case had no other justification for the arrest than the mere*330 suspicion that a bottle, only the neck of which he could see protruding from the pocket of defendant’s coat, contained intoxicating liquor, then it would seem to follow without much question that the arrest and search, without first having secured a warrant, were illegal. And that his only justification was his suspicion is admitted by the evidence of the arresting officer himself. If the bottle had been empty or if it had contained any one of a dozen innoxious liquids, the act of the officer would, admittedly, have been an unlawful invasion of the personal liberty of the defendant. That it happened in this instance to contain whisky, we think, neither justifies the assault nor condemns the principle which makes such an act unlawful.”
And then the court quotes with approval from Blacksburg v. Beam, 104 S. C. 146, 88 S. E. 441, as follows:
“. . . Common as the event may be, it is a serious thing to arrest a citizen, and it is a more serious thing to search his person; and he who accomplishes it must do- so in conformity to the laws of the land. There are two reasons for this: one to avoid bloodshed, and the other to- preserve the liberty of the citizen. ' Obedience to law is the bond of society, and the officers set to enforce the law are not exempt from its mandates.”
Also see Dukes v. U. S. 275 Fed. 142; Amos v. U. S. 255 U. S. 313, 41 Sup. Ct. 266.
It should be borne in mind- that offenses under the state prohibition act are misdemeanors and not felonies. They belong to that very numerous class of offenses that are mala prohibita and not mala in se. They are in law of the same grade as violations of the traffic laws, Sunday laws, health laws, food laws, building code, safety acts, game laws, and very many other police regulations. Without the statute, the acts constituting these offenses would be in-noc'ent acts. The prohibition act is in derogation of common law, but it is to be liberally construed to carry out its purposes, for it is so denominated in the act. Except as the rules are changed in the act itself, the rules of practice and evidence under the common law and statutes apply, and
Popular demand for enforcement of the prohibition act adds nothing and detracts nothing from the duty of public officials in construing and applying the law as it is. The legislature may amend the law, but until then public officials must obey the law as they find it.
The constitution of this state provides that the common law shall remain in force until changed by the legislature. Sec. 13, art. XIV, Const.
At common law arrests were not permissible without a warrant except for acts committed in the presence of the officer causing a breach of the peace. In Stittgen v. Rundle, 99 Wis. 78, 80, 74 N. W. 536, this court said:
“An arrest without warrant has never been lawful except in those cases where the public security requires it; and this has only been recognized in felony, and in breaches of the peace committed in the presence of the officer.”
The legislature of this state has not modified the common law, but has only restated it by statute. Secs. 4833, 4837, and sub. (13), sec. 62.09;
Sec. 4833 provides:
“Any person who shall, in the presence of any magistrate mentioned in this chapter or before any court of record, make an affray, or threaten to kill or beat another or to commit any violence or outrage against his person or property, and every person who, in the presence of such court or magistrate, shall contend with hot and angry words, to the disturbance of the peace, may be ordered, without process or any other proof, to recognize for keeping the peace and being of good- behavior for a term of not exceeding six months, and in case of a refusal may be committed as before directed.”
Sec. 4837 provides:
“If any magistrate or officer mentioned in this chapter shall have any knowledge that any assault and battery is about to be committed or that any affray is about to occur*332 he shall forthwith issue a warrant and proceed as is directed when complaint has been made; and if any such offense is committed, threatened or attempted in his presence he shall immediately arrest the offender or cause it to be done and for this purpose no warrant or process shall be necessary, but the officer may summon to his assistance any sheriff, coroner or constable and all other persons there presept, whose duty it shall be to aid the officer in preserving the peace, arresting and securing the offenders and all such as obstruct or prevent the officer or any of his assistants in the performance of their duty, and any person who shall, when summoned to aid in arresting and securing an offender, refuse to give such assistance shall forfeit the sum of five dollars.”
Sub. (13), sec. 62.09, provides:
“Police. The chief of police shall have command of the police force of the city under the direction'of the mayor. It shall be his duty to obey all lawful written orders of the mayor or common council. The chief and each policeman shall possess the powers, enjoy the privileges and be subject to the liabilities conferred and imposed by law upon constables, and be taken as included in all writs and papers addressed to constables; shall arrest with or without process and with reasonable diligence take before the police justice or other proper court every person found in the city in a state of intoxication or engaged in any disturbance of the peace or violating any law of the state or ordinance of such city and he may command all persons present in such case to assist him therein, and if any person, being so commanded, shall refuse or neglect to render such assistance he shall forfeit not exceeding ten dollars. They shall collect the same fees allowed to constables for similar services.”
It will be noted that none of these sections change the common-law rule unless it be sub. (13), sec. 62.09, which makes it the duty of a police officer to “arrest with or without process . . . every person . . . violating any law of the state.” But this section must be read as a whole, and so read it is clear that police officers are given the powers of constables to arrest without warrant any person found violating any law of the state. Gunderson v. Struebing, 125
Had the officers made a legal arrest they would have been justified in their search of the defendant. Or had the officers made a legal search of the defendant they would have been justified in making an arrest upon finding defendant violating the law. But the officers did neither. They had no warrant to arrest; they had no warrant to search. So, assuming that the arrest was made before the search, the arrest was illegal and the search following was illegal; or, assuming the search was made before the arrest, the search was illegal and the arrest based thereon without a warrant was illegal.
The policemen were attempting to enforce a state law, not a city ordinance, and it is not to be presumed that they had any greater authority than sheriffs, or the specially appointed prohibition officers in enforcing the prohibition act. This section of the statutes (sub. (13), sec. 62.09) must be construed in harmony with the constitution and statutes in pari materia.
Defendant was peacefully going his way. He was officiously restrained — illegally restrained. He was searched— illegally searched. The test is not that the officers found liquor upon the defendant. Suppose they had not found it. sThey would have been guilty under the law of illegal
As was said by the supreme court of Michigan:
“Making, as we are disposed to make, all proper allowance for zeal of police officers in dealing with persons who are supposed to be bad members of society, it is the duty of all courts to prevent good or bad citizens from being unlawfully molested. Official illegality is quite as reprehensible as private violations of law. The law of the land must be accepted-by every one as the only rule which can be allowed to govern the liberties of citizens, whatever may be their ill desert.” Matter of Way, 41 Mich. 299, 1 N. W. 1041.
It is contended that this case is to be distinguished from the cases.above cited by reason of the fact that the defendant admitted that he was in the act of violating the law. The evidence does not disclose such admission. Defendant admitted he'had liquor on his person, whether lawfully or unlawfully did not appear-. It may have been lawfully there in so-far as the admission disclosed. Under certain circum
Ch. 441, Laws 1921, popularly known as the Severson Act or the Prohibition Act, is a complete revision of the liquor laws of Wisconsin, and supersedes all other laws on the same subject. The search, seizure, arrest, and conviction in the instant case are founded upon this act. By reference to this act we are confirmed in our conclusions hereinbefore given.
Sub. (2) (f) and (2) (g) of sec. 1543, Stats., provide that it shall be the duty of district attorneys and peace officers to co-operate with the prohibition commissioner in the enforcement of the act. Any district attorney or peace officer who shall know or be credibly informed that any offense has been committed against it shall make complaint to a magistrate. No provision is made for arrest without a warrant. .
Sub. (23) of sec. 1543 provides for an arrest, evidently without a warrant, of any one unlawfully transporting liquor in wagons or other vehicles. No such provision is made as to transporting liquor on the person.
Sub. (28) of sec. 1543 makes possession of liquor elsewhere than in the home prima facie evidence of unlawful possession; and finally— .
Sub. (6) of sec. 4840 provides for a search warrant to
Nothing in this act, which is a complete scheme of enforcement of prohibition, justifies any assumption that a person may be arrested for transporting liquor on his person without a warrant or that a person may be searched otherwise than as provided by the statute — that is, under authority of a search warrant issued by a magistrate upon complaint under oath satisfying him that there is probable cause.
This is a simple case. It is ruled by Jokosh v. State, 181 Wis. 160, 193 N. W. 976, where the present Chief Justice, in a very lucid opinion, expressed the fundamental principles involved, and Hoyer v. State, 180 Wis. 407, 193 N. W. 89, where the authorities are fully collated by Mr. Justice Esch-weiler. This opinion it is hoped may add somewhat to an understanding of the origin and purpose of individual liberty under the law, which should not be overlooked or forgotten.
By the Court. — The judgment and sentence of the circuit court are reversed, and the cause is remanded ■ for a new trial.