Ali v. Mid-Atlantic Settlement Services, Inc., 233 F.R.D. 32

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

ROBERTS, District Judge.

Plaintiff Betty Gene Ali filed a motion for default judgment as to defendant Anthony Noble to which Noble responded by filing a motion to set aside entry of default, arguing that service had never been effected. Ali also filed a motion for sanctions under Rule 11, Fed.R.Civ.P., for having to respond to Noble’s motion to set aside entry of default which Ali deemed frivolous. Because service on Noble was effective, Ali’s default judgment motion will be granted and a judgment of default will be entered if Noble does not file an answer on or before January 17, 2006. Because some of Noble’s factual contentions betray a failure by his counsel to conduct a reasonable prior inquiry and some of his legal contentions are not warranted by existing law, Ali’s motion for sanctions will be granted in part.

BACKGROUND

Ali, an ailing widow, has sued Noble and his step-father, Richard L. Tolbert,¹ for their parts in an alleged scheme that swindled her in the sale of her Southeast Washington, D.C. home to Noble. Ali seeks to have the sale rescinded.

Plaintiffs process servers delivered the summons and complaint multiple times in an effort to serve Noble, a law student attending the University of Pennsylvania at the time, but Noble never answered and asserts that service was never effected. During the 2002-2003 academic year, Noble lived in an apartment at 3131 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In June 2003, Noble’s listing on the University of Pennsylvania internet directory was changed to an address on Cree Drive in Forest Heights, Maryland. For the 2003-2004 academic year, Noble lived at 1624 Spruce Street, Apt. 1R in Philadelphia, the address to which his school directory listing was changed in the fall of 2003. That listing included Noble’s telephone number which Ali’s counsel furnished to process servers at Best Legal Services in Philadelphia.

On November 13, 2002, process server Maurice Liggins left a copy of the summons and complaint with an adult woman who identified herself as Paula Noble, Noble’s mother, at 113 Cree Drive, Forest Heights, Maryland. Liggins’ affidavit dated November 15, 2002 states that Paula Noble “admitted to living there with and is the mother/co-occupant of the defendant.” Noble did not respond to the summons. On May 13, 2003, a process server left a copy of the summons and complaint with Edward Bowman, the concierge at the 3131 Walnut Street apartment house where Noble was then living while in school. Bowman later told Ali’s counsel that Bowman accepted the papers from the process server, called Noble in his apartment, and then “focused on placing the documents ... into the hands of Mr. Noble as soon as possible.” Noble did not respond to the summons. Then, on September 23, 2003, process server Russell DaLonzo, Jr. from Best Legal Services went to the 1624 Spruce Street apartment where Noble was residing at that time. DaLonzo’s October 1, 2003 affidavit of service says “spoke to Mr. Nobles over the phone and he stated put paper in the door and he’ll get it.” Noble still did not respond to the summons.

Ali sought and obtained an entry of default by the clerk, and filed a motion for default judgment. In response to an August 13, 2004 order directing Noble to show cause why Ali’s motion should not be granted, Noble filed a motion to set aside entry of default, arguing that he was never properly served. Noble’s motion was denied without prejudice in an order that explained:

As a motion to vacate the entry of default, the motion is deficient since it is not accompanied by a verified answer as is required by Local Civil Rule 7(g). As a response to the show cause order, the filing fails to address with factual particularity the affidavits by Maurice Liggins on November 15, 2002 and Russell Dalonzo, Jr. on October 1, 2003 showing service of process upon both Noble and his mother. Asserting the legal conclusion that Noble “was not personally served and therefore not placed on legal notice” ... does not suffice to rebut the facts in sworn affidavits supporting entry of default or show good cause why the entry of default should be vacated.

Order, Nov. 24, 2004, at 1-2 (citations omitted). The order directed Noble to file in further response to the August 13, 2004 show cause order, a memorandum and supporting affidavits that answered all factual assertions advanced by plaintiff concerning service of process upon him in Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Noble responded by filing a memorandum along with his affidavit, the Liggins affidavit, the DaLonzo affidavit and the process server workeard describing the delivery of process on May 13, 2003 to Bowman, the apartment concierge, attached as exhibits. Noble’s affidavit consisted of the following statements:

1. I have personal knowledge of the matters set forth in this affidavit.

2. I currently reside at 1624 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and have lived there for the last year. Prior to my current residence, I resided in Tokyo, Japan (July 2003 — August 2003) and 3131 Walnut Street, Apt. 237 Philadelphia, PA 19104 and [sic] (June 2002 — July 2003).

3. I have never been served with a summons or a complaint in the case — Betty Gene Ali v Mid-Atlantic Services, Inc. et al., Civil Action No. 02cv02271.

4. I, categorically, deny ever having been served by Maurice S. Liggins, Edward Bowman or Russell Dalzone [sic] in the above-referenced case.

(Def.’s Notice of Filing Lengthy Exhibits, Ex. 5.)

Shortly thereafter, Ali filed a motion for sanctions against Noble and his counsel seeking reimbursement for the costs incurred in responding to Noble’s motion to set aside entry of default and in preparing and pursuing the motion for sanctions. She argues that Noble’s representations that he was never served and had no legal notice of this litigation were made in bad faith, and that his motion to set aside default was frivolous. Noble responded to the motion for sanctions one month later only after a show cause order was issued against him for failure to file any timely response.

DISCUSSION

I. SERVICE OF PROCESS

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure endorse multiple ways to achieve service of a summons and complaint upon a party. Service of process may be effected “by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personally or by leaving copies thereof at the individual’s dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein[,]” Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(e)(2), or “pursuant to the law of the state ... in which service is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of the State[.]” Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(e)(1). Whether service is effective turns on the facts and circumstances of each case. Where service complies precisely with the requirements of Rule 4(e), it will be effective for personal jurisdiction, even if the individual did not receive actual notice. Smith v. Kincaid, 249 F.2d 243, 244 (6th Cir.1957); Capitol Life Ins. Co. v. Rosen, 69 F.R.D. 83, 88 n. 3 (E.D.Pa.1975). On the other hand, where the defendant has received actual notice of the action, “the provisions of Rule 4(e) should be liberally construed to effectuate service and uphold the jurisdiction of the court.” Karlsson v. Rabinowitz, 318 F.2d 666 (4th Cir.1963); Rovinski v. Rowe, 131 F.2d 687, 689 (6th Cir.1942) (same). “The rules governing service of process are not designed to create an obstacle course for plaintiffs to navigate, or a cat-and-monse game for defendants who are otherwise subject to the court’s jurisdiction.” TRW, Inc. v. Derbyshire, 157 F.R.D. 59, 60 (D.Col. 1994). Rather, “the rules governing service of process are utilized for the purpose of providing a likelihood of bringing actual notice to the intended recipient,” Minnesota Mining & Mfr’g Co. v. Kirkevold, 87 F.R.D. 317, 324 (D.Minn.1980), and actual notice satisfies the due process notice requirement and provides the court with personal jurisdiction. Frank Keevan & Son, Inc. v. Callier Steel Pipe & Tube, Inc., 107 F.R.D. 665, 671 (S.D.Fla.1985). Where the defendant receives actual notice and the plaintiff makes a good faith effort to serve the defendant pursuant to the federal rule, service of process has been effective. Id. Good faith efforts at service are effective particularly where the defendant has engaged in evasion, deception, or trickery to avoid being served. Id.

The service of process is not a game of hide and seek. Where service is repeatedly effected in accordance with the applicable rules of civil procedure and in a manner reasonably calculated to notify the defendant of the institution of an action against him, the defendant cannot claim that the court has no authority to act when he has willfully evaded the service of process.

Electronics Boutique Holdings Corp. v. Zuccarini, No. Civ. A. 00-4055, 2001 WL 83388, at *9 (E.D.Pa. Jan.25, 2001).

Personal service of process under Rule 4(e)(2), permitting service by “delivering a copy of the ... [papers] to the individual personally,” does not require an “in hand” delivery and acceptance of the papers. Gambone v. Lite-Rock Drywall Corp. Advanced Constr. Material Corp., No. Civ. A. 01-1071, 2003 WL 21891584, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Aug.7, 2003) (finding service effective when process server found defendant at his dwelling house and announced her business but defendant refused to accept personal service, and process server left papers under the door mat). Personal service of process

should not become a game of wiles and tricks and a defendant should not be able to defeat service simply by refusing to accept the papers or instructing others to reject service. Even though a defendant refuses physical acceptance of a summons, service is complete if a defendant is in close proximity to a process server under such circumstances that a reasonable person would be convinced that personal service of the summons is being attempted. Delivery of a summons to the person to be served may be accomplished by leaving it in his general vicinity, such as on the floor inside the residence near such person, informing him that the process server is so doing. A process server may leave the summons outside the door of a structure, informing the defendant he is so doing, where the defendant interposes the door between himself and the process server.

Id. A defendant’s “refusal to open the door does not invalidate plaintiffs service. Personal service need not be face to face or hand to hand.” Villanova v. Solow, No. Civ. A. 97-6684, 1998 WL 643686, at *2 (E.D.Pa. Sept.18, 1998) (deciding that personal service was effective where the defendant refused to open the door of his dwelling and the process server put the papers through the mail slot in the front door); see also Novak v. World Bank, 703 F.2d 1305, 1310 n. 14 (D.C.Cir. 1983) (<rWhen a person refuses to accept service, service may be effected by leaving the papers at a location, such as on a table or on the floor, near that person.”).

Service also may be effected by leaving copies of the papers “at the individual’s dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein[.]” Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(e)(2). For purposes of service under this provision, an individual may have more than one “ ‘dwelling house or usual place of abode,’ provided each contains sufficient indicia of permanence.” Nat’l Dev. Co. v. Triad Holding Corp., 930 F.2d 253, 257 (2d Cir.1991). An individual need not be living in that place at that time in order for it to qualify as his usual place of abode for purposes of Rule 4(e). A usual place of abode may be a college student’s permanent home address while the college student is away at college. See Hubbard v. Brinton, 26 F.R.D. 564, 565 (E.D.Pa.1961); see also Derbyshire, 157 F.R.D. at 60 (finding service effective when left with an adult at the dwelling house at the address to which defendant instructed his mail to be forwarded). “When a Defendant does not have a permanent place of residence, a Court will consider whether he intended to return to the place of service in order to determine whether it can be characterized as his usual place of abode[.]” Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan v. Chang, 109 F.R.D. 669 (E.D.Mich.1986). On the other hand, an intention to return to the usual place of abode is not critical to effective service when the individual has received actual notice. See Karlsson, 318 F.2d at 668.

The validity of the service attempts in Philadelphia also can be determined by Pennsylvania law under Rule 4(e)(1). Service in Pennsylvania may be effected by handing a copy of the papers to the defendant. Pa. R. Civ. P. 402(a)(1). Alternatively, service may be effected by handing a copy of the papers “(i) at the residence of the defendant to an adult member of the family with whom he resides; but if no adult member of the family is found, then to an adult person in charge of such residence; or (ii) at the residence of the defendant to the clerk or manager of the hotel, inn, apartment house, boarding house or other place of lodging at which he resides.” Pa. R. Civ. P. (a)(2).

A. Service at US Cree Drive

The affidavit of service filed by Liggins shows that at 8:30 p.m. on November 13, 2002, Liggins left a copy of the summons, complaint and exhibits with Paula Noble, Noble’s mother, at 113 Cree Drive, Forest Heights, Maryland. According to Liggins’ affidavit, Paula Noble confirmed that she resided at 113 Cree Drive, and “admitted to living there with and is the mother/co-occupant of the Defendant.” The information in the affidavit establishes that the service complied with the rule provision permitting service by leaving copies “at the individual’s dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(e)(2).

Noble does not deny, either through his affidavit or any other factual support, that 113 Cree Drive was his permanent residence while he was attending law school in Philadelphia. Noble has offered no affidavit controverting the Liggins affidavit in any respect. The uncontroverted facts in the record — Paula Noble’s confirmation on November 13, 2002 that Noble resided at 113 Cree Drive with her, and Noble’s Cree Drive address listing on the University of Pennsylvania internet directory — establish that 113 Cree Drive was Noble’s permanent residence while he was away at school.² Nor does Noble’s affidavit deny that his mother accepted the papers from the process server, or that he received them via his mother, or that-he received actual notice of the litigation. In the absence of any claim that he never received actual notice, the rules of service are to be liberally construed. Accordingly, the Cree Drive service in November 2002 was effective under Rule 4(e)(2).

B. Service at S1S1 Walnut Street

On May 13, 2003, a process server left a copy of the summons and complaint with Bowman, the concierge of Noble’s apartment building in Philadelphia. Bowman called Noble after accepting the papers and then Bowman “focused on” delivering the papers to Noble as soon as possible. While Bowman did not say he recalled actually delivering the papers to Noble, Noble’s affidavit does not attest that he did not receive the papers from Bowman or from another clerk or manager of the apartment building. Nor does Noble present any evidence disputing that Bowman received the papers.

Pennsylvania allows service by handing a copy of the papers “at the residence of the defendant to the clerk or manager of the hotel, inn, apartment house, boarding house or other place of lodging at which he resides.” Pa. R. Civ. P. 402(a)(2)(ii). Pennsylvania’s intermediate appellate court has held that a receptionist at the front desk of a Catholic mission where a priest was residing fell within the category of “clerk of the ... place of lodging” for purposes of Pa. R. Civ. P. 402(a)(2)(ii), even where the record did not establish that the receptionist regularly received mail on behalf of the residents of the mission. See Aquilino v. Philadelphia Catholic Archdiocese, 884 A.2d 1269, 1282-83 (Pa.Super.Ct.2005) (affirming the lower court’s entry of default judgment against the priest where there was no indication that the receptionist was not the person who received mail on behalf of the mission’s residents). Noble does not argue or establish that Bowman was not a clerk for purposes of service under the Pennsylvania rule. In the absence of other evidence, there is no apparent difference between the receptionist at the mission in Aquilino and the concierge at 3131 Walnut Street for purposes of service under the Pennsylvania rule. The evidence submitted establishes that the 3131 Walnut Street service complied precisely with the Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 402(a)(2)(ii). Accordingly, regardless of whether actual notice resulted, service on Noble at 3131 Walnut Street on May 13, 2003 was effective. Noetzel v. Glasgow, 338 Pa.Super. 458, 487 A.2d 1372, 1377-78 (1985) (“As long as a method of service is reasonably calculated to give notice to a defendant that an action is pending against him, the fact that such defendant fails to receive actual notice does not invalidate service on due process grounds.”).

C. Service at 7&U Spruce Drive

On September 23, 2003, DaLonzo went to Noble’s new Philadelphia residence at 1624 Spruce Street, Apt. 1R. DaLonzo’s uncontradicted factual assertion in his affidavit is that he spoke to Noble over the telephone and delivered the summons and complaint when Noble told DaLonzo to put the papers in the door and he, Noble, would get them. Noble’s claimed lack of recall of a conversation with DaLonzo does not rebut DaLonzo’s assertion, nor does realleging the legal conclusion that DaLonzo did not “serve” him. A naked refutation of a process server’s affidavit is insufficient to rebut the presumption of effective service that a process server’s affidavit establishes. See FROF, Inc. v. Harris, 695 F.Supp. 827, 829 (E.D.Pa.1988). Noble presents no evidence or sworn factual assertions that DaLonzo did not speak with Noble, that Noble did not instruct DaLonzo to put the papers in the door, that DaLonzo did not put the papers in the door, or even that Noble never received the papers that DaLonzo reported leaving. Under these circumstances, a liberal construction of Rule 4(e)(2) is warranted.

The facts submitted demonstrate that service was effective under Rule 4(e)(2)’s provision for personal service. Even though Noble did not open the door to take the papers from the process server, personal service was effected nonetheless. See Villanova, 1998 WL 643686, at *2 (noting that “refusal to open the door does not invalidate plaintiffs service”); Gambone, 2003 WL 21891584, at *4 (same); see also Electronics Boutique Holdings Corp., 2001 WL 83388, at *9 (stating that “where a defendant has actual knowledge that a lawsuit has been commenced against him, he cannot assert a post-judgment defense of lack of personal jurisdiction after willfully evading repeated attempts at service”).³

II. SANCTIONS UNDER RULE 11

Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure deems that a signature on any paper presented to a court certifies that

to the best of the person’s knowledge, information or belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, ... that the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law; [and] the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support ... [and] the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence ....

Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b). The rule “emphasizes the duty of candor by subjecting litigants to potential sanctions for insisting upon a position after it is no longer tenable.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b) advisory committee notes; see also Reynolds v. The U.S. Capitol Police Board, 357 F.Supp.2d 19, 24 (D.D.C.2004) (finding Rule 11 violated where plaintiff and counsel resubmitted the same claims after having been put “on notice that the factual allegations pled ... were not sufficient”).

Whether an attorney has conducted a reasonable inquiry under Rule 11 is determined by an objective test, “ ‘that is, whether a reasonable inquiry would have revealed there was no basis in law or fact for the asserted claim.’ ” Id. at 23 (quoting Washington Bancorporation v. Said, 812 F.Supp. 1256, 1275 (D.D.C.1993)). Furthermore, the court must determine if “the actions in question were ‘reasonable under the circumstances.’ ” Saunders v. Lucy Webb Haynes-Nat’l Training Sch. for Deaconesses and Missionaries, 124 F.R.D. 3, 7-8 (D.D.C.1989) (quoting Westmoreland v. CBS, Inc., 770 F.2d 1168, 1177 (D.C.Cir.1985)).

Sanctions for failure to comply with the requirements of Rule 11 should be imposed on the persons responsible for the failure, whether it is the party or the attorney. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b). The district court is accorded broad discretion to determine whether sanetions are warranted, Allen v. Utley, 129 F.R.D. 1, 3 (D.D.C.1990), on whom they should be imposed, Geller v. Randi, 40 F.3d 1300, 1304 (D.C.Cir.1995), and what form they should take to “balance between equity, deterrence, and compensation.” Reynolds, 357 F.Supp.2d at 26 (quoting Hilton Hotels Corp. v. Banov, 899 F.2d 40, 46 (D.C.Cir. 1990)); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b) advisory committee notes (“The court has available a variety of possible sanctions to impose for violations, such as striking the offending paper; issuing an admonition, reprimand or censure ....”).

Sanctions may be imposed on an attorney who interposes defenses on behalf of a client that are not warranted by existing law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 11(b)(2), (e). Existing law leaves no doubt that: (1) a person may have more than one dwelling house or usual place of abode for purposes of Rule 4(e)(2) and that a college student’s permanent home address may well be his usual place of abode; (2) a clerk or apartment manager in Pennsylvania may accept service for a resident who dwells within the apartment house; and (3) personal service does not require hand-to-hand or face-to-face interaction and that a refusal to open the door does not invalidate service. Noble’s legal contention that none of Ali’s attempts at service were effective is not warranted by existing law.

Counsel may also be sanctioned for failure to conduct a reasonable inquiry of his client’s factual contentions. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b)(3), (b)(4), (c). The rule requires counsel to do more than simply rest upon a client’s evasive and incomplete statements of fact. A reasonable inquiry would provide counsel with either supporting evidence or a reason to decline to repeat a client’s assertion. Under the circumstances here, it appears that counsel did not make reasonable inquiries at minimum about whether Cree Drive was Noble’s permanent home address in November 2002, and whether his mother received papers from Liggins there. Counsel was on notice from the November 24, 2004 order that bare legal assertions of inadequate service were insufficient and that he was required to respond with factual particularity to all of the process servers’ factual contentions. Yet, counsel submitted an affidavit from Noble that was almost contemptuously noncompliant, reciting spare and selective facts about his nonpermanent residences and paroting the legal position that he was never served.

The holes in Noble’s position and the studied ambiguity in his affidavit beg for factual explanations. Counsel was obligated to conduct sufficient inquiry to assure that fact-based legal contentions are well-grounded in fact and warranted by existing law. The evidence shows that Noble has played a cat and mouse game in order to evade the jurisdiction of the court. Counsel’s exact role in Noble’s conduct is not plain from the submissions, but it necessarily amounts at least to a failure to conduct the required reasonable inquiry under the circumstances and a failure to restrict legal contentions to those warranted by existing law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b).⁴

Ali has incurred unnecessary costs and prejudicial delay from Noble’s insupportable failure to respond as required to the service of the summons and complaint. Accordingly, Ali’s motion for sanctions will be granted in part and Noble’s counsel will be admonished. Noble and his counsel are warned that any further delays attributable in whole or in part to any continued baseless assertion that Noble was not served may result in the imposition of monetary sanctions.

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

Ali effected service on Noble three times— first in November 2002, again in May 2003, and again in September 2003. Noble has failed to answer the complaint. Accordingly, a judgment of default and order for rescission of the sale of the Southeast Washington D.C. property, will be entered unless Noble files an answer in compliance with Local Civil Rule 7(g) on or before January 17, 2006. It is further

ORDERED that plaintiffs motion for sanctions [# 51] be, and hereby is, GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Noble’s counsel, Stephen J. Williams, is hereby admonished for his role in Noble’s failure to respond as required after Noble was served with the summons and complaint by making factual assertions that were not based on a reasonable inquiry or supported by the evidence, and by making fact-based legal arguments that were not based on a reasonable inquiry into the facts and not warranted by existing law. Plaintiffs motion for sanctions is DENIED in all other respects.

Notes

1 . Three other defendants have been voluntarily dismissed from the case.

2 . Noble also had a motor vehicle registered in his name at that address.

3 . Noble has argued that service is ineffective because DaLonzo has no idea to whom he spoke over the telephone at Noble's residence. Even if DaLonzo spoke to someone other than Noble who answered Noble's residence telephone, service would not necessarily be ineffective. While Federal Rule 4(e)(2) requires that papers be left with a suitable adult residing in Noble’s dwelling house, and there is no evidence here that a person other than Noble was residing in Noble’s apartment, Pennsylvania Rule 402(a)(2)(i) permits leaving the papers with an adult person “in charge of" the residence. In interpreting a parallel “in charge of” requirement for service at a defendant’s usual place of business, "[t)he Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that service is effective if there is 'a sufficient connection between the person served and the defendant to demonstrate that service was reasonably calculated to give the defendant notice of the action against it.' ” Directv, Inc. v. Baratta, No. Civ. A. 03-3265, 2004 WL 875541, at *2 (E.D.Pa. Mar.22, 2004) (quoting Cintas Corp. v. Lee's Cleaning Services, Inc., 549 Pa. 84, 700 A.2d 915, 920 (1997)) (interpreting the forerunner of current Pa. R. Civ. P. 402(a)(2)(iii)). Applying the sufficient connection standard to service at a defendant’s residence, a court found service effective when the summons and complaint were left with an unrelated adult who answered the residence door and told the process server that the defendant was out of town and would be returning in a few days. Directv, 2004 WL 875541, at *2 (finding service effective under Pa. R. Civ. P. 402(a)(2)(i) and denying motion to quash service). Here, where a man answered Noble’s residence telephone as Noble and gave instructions to leave the papers in the door so he could get them, the evidence establishes a similarly sufficient connection. This service was reasonably calculated to give Noble notice of the action against him, and Noble has offered no evidence to the contrary.

4 . Wholly aside from whether Noble did help swindle an ailing widow out of her home, it is a dangerous and ignominious start to a legal career for Noble to engage in such disingenuous and ultimately ineffective evasion of service. His counsel, as an officer of this Court, should be chary to abet Noble's continuing wily behavior in litigation pending before a Court.

Case Details

Case Name: Ali v. Mid-Atlantic Settlement Services, Inc.

Court Name: Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit

Date Published: Jan 6, 2006

Citations: 233 F.R.D. 32; 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 582; 2006 WL 29198; No. CIV.A.02-2271(RWR)

Docket Number: No. CIV.A.02-2271(RWR)

Court Abbreviation: D.C. Cir.