Alejandrino v. QuezonAlejandrino v. Quezon
prepared the opinion of the Court. 1
This cause was brought here by certiorari under § 5 of the Act of September 6, 1916, to amend the Judicial Code,
This proceeding was an original action in the Supreme Court of the Philippines, brought by José Alejandrino', a Senator appointed by the Governor General, seeking a mandamus and an injunction- against the twenty-two elected members of the Senate, including its President, its Secretary, its Sergeant at Arms, and its Paymaster. The occasion for the proceeding was a resolution of the Senate, passed February 5, 1924, and reading as follows:
“Resolved: That the Honorable José Alejandrino, Senator from the Twelfth District, be, and he is hereby, declared guilty of disorderly conduct and flagrant violation of the privileges of the Senate for having treacherously assaulted the Honorable Vicente de Vera, Senator for the Sixth District, on the occasion of certain phrases being uttered by the latter in ,the course of the debate regarding the credentials of said Mr. Alejandrino.
“Resolved further: That the Honorable José Alejandrino be, and he is hereby, deprived of all of his prerogatives, privileges and emoluments as such Senator during one year from the first of January, nineteen hundred and twenty-four;
“And resolved, lastly: That the said Honorable José Alejandrino being a Senator appointed by the Governor General of these Islands, a copy of this resolution be furnished said Governor-General for his information.” •
José Alejandrino was appointed under the. Philippine Autonomy Act, by the Governor-General, a Senator to represent the Twelfth District — a district composed of non-Christian tribes in the northern part of Luzon and the Moros in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu: At the time he took his seat in the Senate, another Senator, Vicente de Vera, made a speech on the credentials of Senator Alejandrino in which he said some things which Alejandrino resented. At night, and after the session of the Senate concluded, and away from the Senate chamber, Alejandrino assaulted de Vera because of his remarks made in. the Senate. The resolution complained of was because of this assault.
By § 12 of the Autonomy Act, the general legislative powers in the Philippines, with certain exceptions, are vested in a Legislature consisting of two Houses — the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of twenty-four members from twelve Senate districts. Twenty-two of them are elected; and one district, the Twelfth, already referred to, has two Senators,
It is argued that, as the only power of expulsion given to the Senáte is in respect of its elected members, no power is conferred on the Senate to expel a member appointed by the Governor General. It is further argued that the power to suspend is only a less power than the power to expel and of the. same character, and therefore that the Senate had no power to suspend an appointed Senator, and therefore that the Senate exceeded its authority in attempting to do so in this resolution, and its action was null.
We do not think that we can consider this question, for the reason that the period of suspension fixed in the resolution has expired, and, so far as we are advised, Alejandrino is now exercising his functions as a member of the Senate. It is therefore in this Court a moot question whether lawfully he could be suspended in the way in which he was. Equally so is the still more important question whether the Supreme Court of the Philippines
It may be suggested, as an objection to our vacating the action of the court below, and directing the dismissal of the petition as having become a moot case, that, while the lapse of time has made unnecessary and futile a writ of mandamus to restore Senator Alejandrino to the Island Senate, there still remains a right on his part to the recovery of his emoluments, which were withheld during his suspension, and that we ought to retain the case for the purpose of determining whether he may not have a mandamus for this purpose. We are not advised from his petition what the emoluments of his office during that period would be, except his salary. We infer from the averment of his petition that, as the suspension was in part retroactive, he was not paid what was due him during the month of January, 1924. It is difficult for the Court to deal with this feature of the case, which is really only a mere incident co the main question made in the petition and considered in the able and extended brief of counsel for the petitioner, and the only brief before us. That brief is not in any part of it directed to the subject of emoluments, nor does it refer us to any statute or to the rules of the Senate by which the method of paying Senators’ salaries is provided, or in a definite way describe the duties of the officer or officers or committee charged with the ministerial function of paying them. The petition, in describing the defendants, avers that certain of them, being Senators, “ are besides members of the Committee on Accounts of the Senate who approve the payment of emoluments that Senators are entitled to receive.” Section 7 of the petition is as follows:
“ That the defendants, in the respective capacities in which they are sued, attempt to comply with, execute andcarry into effect, or to cause to be complied with, executed and carried into effect, the suspension of the plaintiff depriving him, during the period of one year, of the exercise of his office and. of all of his prerogatives, privileges and emoluments as Senator, as said defendant' Senators and their President do .not recognize the plaintiff’s right .to exercise such office and prevent him from exercising same, and cause all the officers, employes and other subordinates of the Senate not to recognize the plaintiff as Senator and to prevent him from exercising his office and enjoying his prerogatives, privileges and emoluments, and the President of the Senate, moreover; gives the necessary orders for the carrying into effect of said order of suspension, and the other defendants Faustino Aguilar and Bernabé Bustamente execute and comply with the orders and restrictions of the Senate and its President in order that the plaintiff may not be recognized as Senator and may not exercise his prerogatives and privileges as such Senator in the Senate building, and the defendant Francisco Dayaw, Official Paymaster of the Senate, requires him to refund his emoluments received corresponding to the period that has already elapsed from January 1st of this year and refuses to pay the emoluments to which the plaintiff is entitled.”
-We must assume, in view of the injunction of Congress in the Autonomy Act, that Senators shall receive an annual compensation to be fixed by law,\ that there is some official or board charged with the executive and ministerial duty of paying the senatorial salaries against whom a Senator entitled might procure a mandamus to compel payment. But the averment's of the petition do not set out with sufficient clearness who that official or set of officials may be. Were that set out, the remedy of the Senator would seem to be by mandamus to' compel such official in the discharge of his ministerial duty to pay him the salary due, and the presence of the Senate
The case having become moot as respects its main features, and the other feature being incidental and not in itself a proper subject for determination as now presented, further. steps looking to an adjudication of the cause can neither be had here nor in the court below. In this situation 'we must, following the established practice of this Court, vacate the judgment below and remand
Judgment vacated with directions to dismiss petition without costs to either party.
Notes
The opinion was announced by Mr. Justice Holmes, the Chief Justice being absent.