39 Pa. Commw. 204 | Pa. Commw. Ct. | 1978
Opinion by
The appellant, Aldine Apartments, Inc. (Aldine), is the owner and operator of an apartment complex
On September 16, 1976, Aldine filed a petition for a refund of sales taxes paid by them over the period in question. The petition was denied by the Sales Tax Board and that decision was affirmed by the Board of Finance and Revenue (Board). This appeal followed.
Aldine asks that we reverse the order of the Board contending that (1) the sales to Aldine of electricity and gas for residential use of its tenants do not constitute “sales at retail of tangible personal property” for sales tax purposes and (2) exclusion from the tax of sales of gas, fuel oil and electricity purchased directly by the user thereof solely for his own residential use violates the uniformity clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution by discriminating against landlords who purchase gas, oil and electricity for the residential use of their tenants.
There is hereby imposed upon each separate sale at retail of tangible personal property or services, as defined herein, within this Commonwealth a tax of six percent of the purchase price, which tax shall be collected by the vendor from the purchaser, and shall be paid over to Commonwealth as herein provided.
Section 201 (m) of the Code, 72 P.S. §7201 (m), defines “tangible personal property” as used in clause (a) as follows:
‘Tangible personal property.’ Corporeal personal property including, but not limited to, goods, wares, merchandise, steam and natural and manufactured and bottled gas for non-residential use, electricity for non-residential use, intrastate telephone and telegraph service for non-residential use, spirituous or vinous liquor and malt or brewed beverages and soft drinks; but the term shall not include household supplies purchased at retail establishments for residential consumption, including but not limited to, soaps, detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, paper goods, household wrapping supplies and items of similar nature, or sanitary napkins, tampons or similar items used for feminine hygiene. Nor shall said term include steam, natural and manufactured and bottled gas, fuel oil, electricity or intrastate telephone or telegraph service when purchased directly by the user thereof solely for his own residential use.
Prior to the last amendment of clause (m), the last sentence thereof read as follows:
*208 Nor shall said term include steam, natural and manufactured and bottled gas, fuel oil, electricity or intrastate telephone or telegraph service when purchased solely for residential use. (Emphasis added.)
It seems obvious to us that the legislative intent manifested in the amendatory language was to foreclose the very position taken by Aldine in the matter now before us. The Legislature has granted an exemption to those persons who purchased gas, fuel oil and electricity themselves for their own residential use. By no stretch of. the imagination can we conclude that Aldine purchased electricity and fuel oil for its own residential use. It is beyond dispute that the purchases made-.by Aldine were for the residential use of its tenants.
Aldine also contends that the first sentence of Section 201 (m), by explicitly including gas and electricity for non-residential use, implicitly excludes all gas and electricity for 'residential use from the definition of “tangible personal property.” However, the statutory language “including, but not limited to” immediately preceding the descriptive use of gas and electricity is a clear indication that the Legislature intended to exclude nothing, implicitly or otherwise, by the language which follows those words. For exclusionary provisions we must look to the remainder of the language of Section'201.(m). There we see that “tangible personal property” .does not include gas and electricity purchased directly by the user thereof solely for his own residential use. Implicit in that language is the fact that gas and electricity used for all other purposes is “tangible personal property” for the purpose of the imposition of the tax. Any other construction of that language would render it totally without meaning.
*209 All utilities included in rent except electricity for any air conditioning units installed by tenant. This will be billed at an extra charge of $60 per year payable $5.00 per month per unit, starting month unit is installed.
So far as reasonableness of classification in tax matters is concerned, the uniformity and equal protection clauses stand in pari materia. Commonwealth v. Budd Co., 379 Pa. 159, 108 A.2d 563 (1954), appeal dismissed, 349 U.S. 935 (1955). Those clauses do not impose an iron-clad rule of equality so as to inhibit flexible and reasonable schemes of taxation. Only substantial uniformity and approximate equality are required. Commonwealth v. Rohm and Haas Co., 28 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 430, 368 A.2d 909 (1977). Classification for the purpose of taxation may be based on the existence of differences recognized in the business world, on the want of adaptability of the subjects to the same method of taxation, upon the impracticability of applying to them the same methods so as to produce justice and reasonably uniform results, or upon well-grounded considerations of public policy. Jones and Laughlin Tax Assessment Case, 405 Pa. 421, 175 A.2d 856 (1961).
The burden of showing that a classification employed by the Legislature clearly, palpably, and plainly violates a constitutional provision is on the party attaching the classification. Commonwealth v. Life Assurance Co. of Pennsylvania, 419 Pa. 370, 214 A.2d 209 (1965). Here, the burden is upon Aldine to show that the distinctive treatment afforded apartment owners who separately meter their apartments or tenants who pay for their utilities directly is unreasonable. In our judgment, Aldine has not met that burden. First, the difference between a tenant purehas
For the foregoing reasons we will affirm the decision of the Board of Finance and Revenue.
Order
And Now, this 13th day of December, 1978, the order of the Board of Finance and Revenue, dated June 29, 1977, is affirmed.
(i) ‘Resale.’
(1) Any transfer of ownership, custody or possession of tangible personal property for a consideration, including the grant of a license to use or consume and transactions where the possession of such property is transferred but where the transferor retains title only as security for payment of the selling price whether such transaction be designated as bailment lease, conditional sale or otherwise.
(2) The physical incorporation of personal property as an ingredient or constituent into other personal property, which is to be sold in the regular course of business or the performance of those services described in subclauses (2), (3) and (4) of clause (k) of this section upon personal property which is to be sold in the regular course of business or where the person incorporating such property has undertaken at the time of purchase to cause it to be transported in interstate commerce to a destination outside this Commonwealth.
The term ‘resale’ shall also include personal property purchased or having a situs within this Commonwealth solely for the purpose of being processed, fabricated or manufactured into, attached to or incorporated into personal property and thereafter transported outside this Commonwealth for use exclusively outside this Commonwealth.
The term ‘resale’ shall not include any sale of ‘malt or brewed beverages’ by a ‘retail dispenser,’ or any sale of ‘liquor’ or ‘malt or brewed beverages’ by a person holding a ‘retail liquor license’ within the meaning of the ‘Liquor Code.’