32 W. Va. 454 | W. Va. | 1889
John D. Alderson presented his petition to the Circuit Court of Kanawha county representing, that at the election on the 6th of November, 1888, he had received a large number of votes in all the counties of the Third District of this
The first question is, did the Circuit Court err, as plaintiff contends in argument, in failing to decide all the points of error arising on the record and in sending the case back to the county commissioners without giving specific rulings or instructions to them on the points, so that the parties and commissioners might have the benefit of the decision of the Circuit Court as to them? There has been much difference of opinion- as to the scope of the hearing of a writ of certiorari, as will be seen in the opinion in Dryden v. Swinburn, 15 W. Va. 234, and Dryden v. Swinburn, 20 W. Va. 89, some courts holding, that the writ touched only questions of jurisdiction, power or authority of inferior courts, or the, regularity of its proceedings; others holding that all questions of law arising on the record could be passed on. The evident leaning of the courts of late has been to widen the field of this valuable remedial writ. I do not elaborate this matter, as I regard it settled by former decisions of this Court. In Dryden v. Swinburn, Judge Green, speaking for the court says:
“The cases above cited, while they all agree that a trial de novo cannot be had in a superior court in a ease brought before it by certiorari, yet they by no means agree as to the judgment, which may be rendered. They agree, that, if no*457 error is found in the proceedings in the inferior court, its judgment should be affirmed; but they differ on the judgment to be rendered, if the judgment of the inferior court is found erroneous, — some holding in such a case all that the superior court can do is to render a judgment reversing the judgment of'the inferior court; and others holding it may go further, and render such judgment as the inferior court ought to have done; * * * that is, they may modify the judgment of the inferior court, 'ór reverse it in doto, and enter up a now judgment, or remand it to the inferior court for trial. This latter practice would certainly seem to be far the most convenient, especially where the inferior court is a court of record, but there are highly respectable authorities which deny the superior court the right, unless so authorized by statute, to do more than simply to reverse or annul the judgment of the inferior court; but the weight of authority is in favor of the power of the superior court, in a case brought before it by certiorari, to do more than simply to affirm or reverse the judgment of the inferior tribunal, and is in favor of the authority of the superior court'to affirm the judgment below, or to reverse it, and remand it to the inferior court, or to modify its'judgment, and, in short, to enter up such judgment as the court below ought to have done as in cases brought up by writ of error.”
Judge Green then expressess it as his opinion, that the court may, if it reverse, remand the cause to be further proceeded in or enter such judgment as the court below7 ought to have entered, and that the record alo.ne is to be the basis of judgment in either case. Point 7 of the syllabus in that case is : “In all eases of certiorari, when used as an appellate proceeding, the superior court has a right to affirm the judgment of the inferior court, or to set aside and annuli it, and enter up such judgment as the inferior court ought to have done, or remand the cause to it, as in a case brought up on writ of error.” In Dryden v. Swinburn, 20 W. Va. 89, it was decided that, “a case being brought before a Circuit Court by a writ of certiorari for review, it should review7, not only jurisdictional questions and questions of irregularity in the proceedings of the inferior tribunal also, but all questions of law, and all actions alleged to be based on erroneous prin
It is therefore the duty of the inferior tribunal to make part of its record, if asked, all the facts necessary to enable the court to see upon what principles of law it has based its action, or whether there was any evidence to justify its action, and all the rulings and decisions of all law questions in the case, and all facts necessary to the proper understanding of all such rulings and decisions of such inferior tribunal. I do not think from the language of the syllabus in that case, that it was meant that under certiorari the superior court could weigh all the evidence on the merits, and find all the facts involved in the evidence as a jury, and reverse on that ground; and I am confirmed in this by a clause in the opinion in that case where, after saying that the practice on cer-tiorari and writs of error should be similar, the Court seems to qualify that expression by saying :
“The errors which, in this state, are corrected on a writ of error are generally errors of law ; and the juries and inferior tribunals are, as a general rule, held to be the sole judges of the weight of evidence, and their decisions on an issue of fact is rarely reversed or interfered with by the appellate court on a writ of error.' It is true that the power in this State exists to grant a new trial on a writ of error, because the verdict is so contrary to the weight of evidence as to shock the conscience; and the appellate court in this State probably exercises this power thus, as it were, in a qualified manner, to review what seems to be a question of fact to an extent to which it would not be exercised in some states, those states, or some at least of them, never reviewing a question of faetón a writ of error.” In Poe v. Machine Works, 24 W. Va. 517, the syllabus is: “The general rule is that upon cer-tiorari to an inferior court the court awarding the writ will only inquire into errors and defects which go to the jurisdiction of the court below. But in this State, if the inferior tribunal proceeds in a summary manner, and not according to the course of the common law, and there is no remedy by appeal or writ of error, then the courts will consider other than jurisdictional questions.” This case does not decide how far beyond jurisdictional questions the court will go. By these*459 decisions it has been held that on certiorari all questions of jurisdiction or regularity of proceeding in the inferior court could be decided, and also all questions of law arising on the record. But it has not been held that all the facts of the case involved in the evidence could be decided; that the superior court could take the place of a jury or the inferior tribunal, and weigh the evidence, and find and determine from it, whether a'proper finding of the facts had been made in the coui’t below on the merits. Certainly it may be said to be doubtful, whether our courts have gone so far. So much for the decisions in this State.
As expressing the law elsewhere and, I think in this State too, I quote section 4, tit. “Certiorari,” 3 Amer. and Eng. Cyclop. Law, 62, sustained by authorities of manj' states : “When its scope is not enlarged by statute, certiorari lies only to correct errors in law, and not to review the evidence. According to the better view, however, it is proper to inquire whether there was any evidence to establish some essential fact, and also as to the rulings below upon the admission of alleged incompetent evidence, where no other and competent evidence was introduced tending to prove a necessary finding. But the record of an inferior court or other tribunal of matters in its jurisdiction can not be disputed by other evidence, nor its finding of facts, when supported by any competent evidence.” Thus stood the law up to the passage of chapter 153, Acts 1882; Code 1887, p. 742.
Certiorari was not wide enough in its efficacy as a remedial writ; certainly, at least, it can be said there was doubt as to its scope. It was to cover a field for the correction of errors not covered by the writ of error or appeal. Why should it 'not afford in its field of operation the same relief against erroneous finding on the evidence, as would be afforded by a writ of error on a motion for a new trial, on the ground that the finding was without sufficient evidence or contrary to the. evidence? To give it such efficiency, to remove all doubt as to its reach, that act was passed. It gives the writ in every case, matter or proceeding in which a certiorari might be issued as the law theretofore had been, and in every case, matter, or proceeding before a County Court, council of a city town, or village, justice, or other inferior tribunal. It pro
Therefore, under the decisions of this Court, and the additional scope given the writ of certiorari by said act of 1882, a Circuit Court should decide every point on the law and evidence, law or fact, arising on the record before it, and render such judgment, as the inferior tribunal should have rendered, or remand the caseto it, when further proceedings before it aré necessary. It should in its judgment particularly and specifically decide on every point involved in the record, and make'distinct for the guidance and direction of the inferior tribunal its decision on the several points by way of instructions or directions to it, so that the inferior tribunal may understand just what the law of those points is, and be able to conform in its further proceedings to such decision. This is important in practice, in order to avoid the same errors, and prevent further litigation, as without Such guidance the inferior tribunal might simply repeat the same errors.
It is 'admitted by counsel for plaintiff, that a portion of the errors suggested were decided in his favor, — those committed by the commissioner’s in refusing him the right to cross-examine witnesses introduced by the commissioners touching the administration or non-administration of the oath to officers of election, and refusing him right to introduce evidence; for the Circuit Court reversed the action of the commissioners, and pointedly instructed them to allow either of the parties to cross-examine any witness and to introduce witnesses and to appear by counsel or in person.
As to other questions, they were involved in or dependent on evidence, — as, for instance, whether the officers of election were sworn; whether the ballots had been tampered with and altered; — on which evidence offered by Alderson had been excluded. What that evidence would have shown, if'it had been admitted, the Circuit Court could not see.
As to the question of the constitutionality of the act excluding precincts, where officers are not sworn, which,'it is claimed, the court should have decided : if the court had decided the act constitutional, as under the then state of the case the Circuit Court might have decided, it would have excluded certain precincts, — Coalburg, for instance, — and-included others, — Fields Creek, for instance; — but Alderson had offered evidence to shew, that the officers at Coalburg were in fact sworn, and that at Fields Creek they were not. If the court had decided the act invalid, it would have been deciding a moot question ; for perhaps the evidence would show .no such question existed. But as to this constitutional question it is settled law, that out of respect to that high department of the government, — the law-making power so directly, representing tne popular will, — the courts will not even approach the question, whether its acts are valid under the constitution, unless there is no escape from it. The state of the case must command the decision. The courts will not decide it, when it is a moot question, when, at last, when the evidence is finally in, the question may not arise. Cooley, Const. Lim. 163.
We do not see, that the Circuit Court has omitted to decide any question, which it was proper to decide in the state of the case before it. It went as far as it was called on to go in the condition of the record. If the Circuit Court could not decide these matters, this Court can not. Even if there had been questions in the record, which the court ought to have decided but did not, this Court would likely not do so; as it decides, only after that court has performed its functions, and does not act, until that court has completed its function. Armstrong v. Grafton, 23 W. Va. 50.
Another question is:. Should the Circuit Court have retained the case, and itself tried it and declared the result of the election after reversing the action of the commissioners? We think not. As above stated, until the act of 1882, there was no law to authorize a Circuit Court under certiorari to
It is argued, that the commissioners having once performed the duty assigned to them by law and having declared the result have no power to correct their errors, and that the Circuit Court could not remand the matter to them. The
Affirmed.