45 Mo. App. 206 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1891
— The question for decision in this case arises upon the ruling of the circuit court in sustaining a demurrer to the following petition :
“Plaintiff by leave of court, in behalf of himself and such other members and stockholders of the Merchants’ Exchange of St. Louis, as may desire to come in, files this his amended petition and states that the Merchants’ Exchange of the city of St. Louis is a business corporation, duly created and organized in pursuance of the laws of the state of Missouri; that said corporation is composed of merchants, dealers and manufacturers of the city of St. Louis, and was organized not for the benefit of others, but for the mutual pecuniary benefit and convenience of its members; that the purpose of said corporation was to organize the merchants, dealers and manufacturers of St. Louis into a body corporate, and, by the adoption and enforcement of appropriate rules regulations and by-laws, to inculcate into the minds of its members just and equitable principles of trade, establish and maintain uniformity in the commercial interests of the city of St. Louis, and to avoid and adjust, so far as practicable, the controversies and misunderstandings which might arise between members engaged in trade, also to acquire, preserve and disseminate for the benefit of its members valuable business information, and provide for said members an Exchange hall, where they could assemble- at stated hours, and, under the supervision of the corporation, buy and sell the various commodities of the market, and, also, by the imposition and collection of initiation and inspection fees, assessments and other charges, to create a source of revenue and derive a pecuniary income for the use and benefit of the corporation and its members.
‘ • Plaintiff states that said corporation, for the government of its affairs and the protection of its members formally adopted certain rules, and regulations. and
“ ‘Rule 4.
. “‘Section 1. All the financial and business concerns of the Exchange shall be managed by and conducted in accordance with the rules, by and under the direction of the board of directors.
“ ‘ Section 13. No appropriation shall be made for any purpose outside of the legitimate expenses of the Exchange without first submitting the same to a vote of the members, five days’ previous notice having been given by posting the same conspicuously in the Exchange rooms.
“‘Section 14. The bonds and securities now held by the Exchange shall be constituted a reserve fund. All interest received therefrom and all surplus revenue of the Exchange, as ascertained by the board of directors at the close of each year, shall be added thereto, and said fund shall be kept separate and distinct on the books of the Exchange. No appropriation shall be made from said fund by the board of directors for any purpose whatsoever, nor shall this rule be repealed, except with the approval and consent of the members of the Exchange at a ballot taken thereon, thirty days’ notice having been given in the usual way, and three-fourths of the members voting favoring the proposition.
“‘Rule 5.
“‘The secretary shall be the treasurer of the Exchange, and as such shall receive and keep a correct account of all moneys belonging to the Exchange, and shall disburse the same under the direction of the board of directors.
“ ‘None of the rules, regulations or by-laws of the Exchange shall be rescinded, or altered, nor any new ■ones made, unless by a vote of two-thirds of the members voting at a special or regular election ordered by the board of directors, and after notice of the proposed ■change shall have been conspicuously posted in the Exchange room for at least ten days; except that section 14 of the rule 4 shall not be repealed or' amended •except as therein provided.’
' “Plaintiff states that said corporation consists of about three thousand members ; that the initiation fee is $2,500, and upon the payment of said sum, together with the amount of an annual assessment, by one •elected to membership, a certificate of membership is issued to him by the corporation, which certificate represents a share of the corporation, has a market value and is transferable, and entitles the holder to all the rights and privileges of membership, including an equal pro rata share and interest in the funds and property •owned by the corporation ; that plaintiff is, and has been for many years past, a member and shareholder of such •corporation, and has such certificate of membership ; ■that said corporation now has, and for many years past has had, an annual income of about $67,000 derived from fees, fines, assessments and rents; that the legitimate expenses of the corporation, as referred to in the rule aforesaid, are rent of Exchange hall, salaries, telegraphic market reports, printing, stationery, postage, papers, taxes, insurance and repairs; that, after the payment of said legitimate expenses, there remains yearly a cash surplus, which is required by the rules of the corporation to be set apart by the directors at the close of each year as a reserve fund, and to be held by the corporation in trust for its members; that, by reason of such accumulations from the surplus annual revenue of preceding years, there is now in the treasury of said corporation a reserve fund consisting of interest-bearing
“Plaintiff states that the above-named individual defendants do, and did at the dates hereinafter mentioned, comprise and constitute the board of directors of said Merchants’ Exchange of St. Louis, having been duly elected and having qualified and acted as such; that said defendants, as such board of directors, having control over the disbursement and application of the annual income of the corporation, were in duty bound, for the protection and advancement of the interests of said corporation and its members, to manage the same-with frugality, and disburse none except such as might be necessary to defray the legitimate expenses of the corporation, in order that at the close of the year there might be the largest possible surplus to be by them added and applied to the reserve fund aforesaid, and were expressly required to conduct all the financial and business concerns of the corporation in accordance with the rules prescribed, but that said defendants, as-such board of directors, wholly disregarding their official duties and obligations in the premises, did, on or about the thirteenth day of December, 1889, with a view of buying for the corporation a certain hotel in the city of St. Louis, known as the Planters’ House, purchase from the owner as in behalf of the corporation, a thirty days’ option on said property, in payment of which, they wrongfully and unlawfully appropriated and disbursed from the moneys belonging to the corporation, collected and held by the secretary and treasurer as aforesaid, the sum of $781.75.
“Plaintiff states that said appropriation of money, made by the directors as aforesaid, was illegal and wrongful in the following particulars :
“ Second. Said appropriation was not within the scope of the powers of the board of directors, and was in direct violation of the by-laws of the corporation, the same having been made for a purpose outside of the legitimate expenses of the Exchange, and without submitting it to a vote of the members as required by section 13, rule 4, set forth as above.
“ Third. Said appropriation was an unwarranted and wilful diversion by said defendants of the funds of the corporation, whereby said sum was prevented from being added to the reserve fund of the corporation, as it should have been, and said conduct on the part of the directors was a breach of trust and in fraud of the rights of the members of the corporation. Furthermore, plaintiff avers that said appropriation was, and is, contrary to the wishes of a large majority of the members of the corporation, and when the proposition involving the purchase by the corporation of said Planters’ House property was, during the interval covered by said option, submitted by said directors to a vote of the members of the corporation for the purpose of securing their approval and indorsement, the same was promptly repudiated and rejected by the vote of a large majority of the members.
‘ ‘ Plaintiff states that, by reason of the violation by said directors of their duties and their abuse of power as aforesaid, said sum has been wasted and wholly lost, and the corporation and its members have suffered damage accordingly ; that he has exhausted all the means within his reach to right said wrong and secure redress, but that said corporation, being wholly under the influence and control of said directors, the defendants herein, declines and refuses to institute any suit or proceedings against said defendants for the recovery of
“And plaintiff, therefore, prays that said defendant directors may be required to refund and repay said sum of $781.75, with interest, into the treasury of tbe corporation, or, in default thereof, that judgment be rendered herein for the use of said corporation against said defendants individually for said sum with interest, and for such other and further relief as may seem just and proper, including In's reasonable costs in this behalf expended ; plaintiff will ever pray.
“ Plaintiff submits a second cause of action, and, in order to avoid repetition, refers to and adopts as part of the present count all the allegations in the preceding count touching the organization of the Merchants’ Exchange as a corporation, the scope of its charter, its rules, regulations and by-laws, the rights and interests of members and the duties and obligations of defendants as directors of the corporation, and states that said defendant directors, wholly disregarding their official duties and obligations, did, on or about December 31, 1889, wrongfully and unlawfully appropriate and disburse from moneys belonging to the corporation collected and held by the secretary as treasurer, as stated in the preceding count, the sum of $250, by donating said sum for the benefit of an organization existing throughout the state, known as the Farmers & Laborers’ Union, and applying it to the payment of rent of a certain hall in St. Louis hired for the entertainment of representative members of said association, who for their own pleasure and interests were then sojourning in the city of St. Louis ; that said association is a political organization, whose avowed mission is to advance the interest of certain classes, to-wit, farmers and laborers, by electing its adherents to office and shaping the legislation of the country in conformity to its views ; that said appropriation was for a purpose entirely foreign to the business of the Merchants’
“ Plaintiff states that, by reason of the violation by said directors of their duties and their abuse of power as aforesaid, said sum has been wasted and wholly lost; that he and other members of the Exchange protested against such action on the part of the directors, and he has exhausted all the means within his power to secure redress in behalf of the corporation for the wrong thus done by the directors, but that said corporation is wholly under the influence and control of said directors, the defendants herein, and declines and refuses to institute any suit or proceedings against said defendants for the recovery of said money, or to prosecute any action for relief in the premises.
“Wherefore plaintiff prays that a decree may be entered, requiring said defendant directors to refund and repay into the treasury of the corporation said sum of $250 with interest, or, in fault thereof, that judgment be entered in behalf of said corporation against said defendants individually for said sum with interest, and for such other and further relief as may be just and proper, including the reasonable costs in this behalf expended.
The suit was brought by plaintiff on behalf of himself and such other members of the Exchange “as may desire to come inbut, although the suit was-filed on January 3, 1890, and remained pending in the circuit court until final judgment on demurrer in favor of defendant was entered on February 3, 1891, no other of the three thousand members constituting the Exchange joined in the suit.
To each of the three counts of this petition defendant demurred on the following grounds :
First. That plaintiff did not show legal capacity to sue.
Second. That the petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.
The demurrer having been sustained, plaintiff declined to plead further, and final judgment was entered in favor of defendants. The cause was thereupon brought to this court by writ of error.
The directors of a corporation are, in theory of the courts pf law, its agents. In theory of the courts of equity, they are its trustees. In theory of courts of equity, they are also trustees for the general body of shareholders or members. If, therefore, they commit breaches of their trust, the general rule is that the corporation itself is the proper party plaintiff to bring an action to redress the injury. The right of action, considered as a beneficial right, resides in the aggregate body of shareholders, and the action is prosecuted for the benefit of all the shareholders. As the corporation is the legal entity which represents all the shareholders, the action is properly brought in the corporate name.
Exceptions to this rule have been recognized, where the circumstances are such that the action cannot be brought in the corporate name. Such an exception generally arises in cases where the directors, who are guilty of .the breach of trust, own or control a majority of the shares, so that they can perpetuate‘themselves in power, keep control of the corporation, and defy the minority. In such cases the minority would be remediless, if the courts of equity did not open their doors to them. But courts of equity cannot assume the management of all the corporations in the country ; and, if they were to open their doors to every dissatisfied or dissenting stockholder, in cases where he should fail to
It is, therefore, a settled principle of equity jurisprudence, that before a court of equity will open its doors to a single stockholder, although he comes, as he must, not only on behalf, of. himself but also in behalf of all the other stockholders, to an inquiry into grievances of this kind, he must show that there is no other road to redress ; and he does not show this, unless he shows that all remedies within the corporation itself have been exhausted. This principle was stated by our supreme court in Bulkley v. Iron Co., 77 Mo. 105, in the following language: “ It is well settled that the right to sue for breaches of trust by the directors of a corporation, resulting in injury or loss to the stockholders, is primarily in the corporation, and it should appear from the facts stated in the petition, filed by a stockholder that a right to maintain an action for the wrong and injuries set forth in his petition has accrued to him either by reason of the refusal of the corporation to sue, or because the parties to be sued are in control of the corporation.” In the subsequent case of Slattery v. Trans. Co., 91 Mo. 217, these principles were elaborated by our supreme court, speaking through Judge Black, and the language of the vice-chancellor in the leading case of Foss v. Harbottle, 2 Hare, 492, so often cited, was quoted with approval: “If a case
Applying these' principles to the petition under •consideration, it is to be observed that it does not state that the plaintiff has made a request of the directors to bring such an action, as the one which he now brings on behalf of himself and other stockholders. We do not regard the petition as fatally defective for the want of ■such an averment, for two reasons : First. It does .aver “that said corporation, being wholly under the influence and control of said directors, the defendants herein, declines and refuses to institute any suit or proceeding against said defendants,” etc. This we regard as tantamount to an allegation that the corporation so ■declines and refuses, because such action could only be taken by the affirmative action of the directors who wield the powers of the corporation, and who decline and refuse so to act. As the demurrer admits this tobe true, it would seem that an* allegation, that the directors had been requested by the plaintiff to sue, would be the allegation of something which is in the nature of :a supererogation. Second. Although the general rule is that an individual stockholder will not be allowed to •sue, unless a request has been made to the directors that they bring the action and they have refused, yet this rule in the opinion of many courts has no application •where the action to be brought is against the directors •themselves to redress their own breaches of trust.
But a request to the directors to bring the appropriate action is not the only mode by which the shareholder may obtain redress through the appropriate corporate action. In many cases it will not be enough for him to show that he has made such a request and that it has been refused ; but he must exhibit a state of facts, from which the court can conclude that he has •exhausted all reasonable efforts to induce redress through an action in the corporation itself. Among many recent cases, which so hold, are the following: Rathbone v. Gas Co., 31 W. Va. 798 ; s. c., 8 S. E. Rep. 570; Converse v. Dimock, 22 Fed. Rep. 573; Allen v. Wilson, 28 Fed. Rep. 677. Moreover, when he brings a suit in equity to redress grievances which ordinarily can be redressed alone in an action brought by the corporation, his bill must set forth in detail the efforts made by him to secure on the part of the corporation the desired action, or it will be dismissed. Foote v. Mining Co., 17 Fed. Rep. 46. These principles were set forth with great clearness by Mr. Justice Miller in giving the opinion of the supreme court of the United States in the leading case of Hawes v. Oakland, 104 U. S. 450, 460, a case which is of great authority, not only
We may hold with equal propriety that, before a single member of a corporation, whose membership is three thousand, can maintain such an action, he must show that he has endeavored in good faith, through corporate meetings or otherwise, to induce the appropriate affirmative action on the part of a majority of the stockholders. In this case the petition does not show by what tenure the directors held their offices ; for aught that appears they may be turned out by a majority of the shareholders at any time. It does not state that the corporation has a joint stock which can be accumulated by purchases and transfers in the hands of one or more of its members ; nor does it show that the directors own a majority of the stock, so that they can perpetuate themselves in power, and prevent a redress of their breaches of trust except through the action of judicial courts, when appealed to by individual members. On the contrary it inferentially shows that each member has one share of the stock and one vote in the corporation. It states “that he (plaintiff) has exhausted all the means within his reach to right said wrong and secure redress, but that said corporation, being wholly under the influence and control of said directors, the defendants herein, declines and refuses to institute any suit or proceeding against the defendants for the recovery of said money, or to prosecute any action for relief in the premises ; ” but it does not state that he has endeavored to secure, through corporate meetings or otherwise, any affirmative action on the part of the corporation, either by turning out the directors whom he charges with the breaches of trust, or by the bringing of an appropriate action or actions against them, or otherwise. And while it is no doubt true that, where directors of a corporation commit breaches of their trust by the doing of acts which are ultra vires the corporation itself, and which
The judgment of the circuit court will, be affirmed. It is so ordered.