Roger Albee and nearly 100 other plaintiffs appeal from the trial court’s dismissal of their claim for breach of fiduciary duty and the grant of summary judgment against them on their claims for breach of a personal guaranty, breach of contract, fraud, fraudulent conveyance of property, piercing the corporate veil, punitive damages, and attorney fees. On appeal they contend that the trial court erred by (1) opening the default of this case after defendant Robert Krasnoff failed to file a timely answer, (2) dismissing their claim for breach of fiduciary duty, and (3) granting summary judgment to all defendants on all of plaintiffs’ remaining claims. We discern no error and affirm.
Viewed in the light most favorable to appellants, the evidence reveals that appellants were clients of an investment firm. Through their personal financial advisor at the firm, appellants were asked to invest money in Casko Investment Company, a real estate investment company that loaned money for first mortgages on single-family homes. In exchange for their investment, appellants would receive monthly principal and interest payments. To convince appellants to invest in the real estate company, Krasnoff, the President and 50 percent owner of Casko, gave appellants an oral guaranty that he would be obligated on each and every loan and further informed appellants that he would personally manage their money and be involved with the management of Casko.
The entity that serviced the loans to Casko from plaintiffs was SGE Mortgage Finance Company. Krasnoff was a 40 percent owner of SGE, and the remaining 60 percent was owned by the company’s President, John Steven Cason, Sr. Cason was also the other 50 percent owner of Casko.
For nearly eight years, appellants received monthly principal and interest payments without incident. In February 1998, however, several checks to appellants bounced. These checks were later paid in full to
A committee reviewed the financial records of SGE, discovering that Cason had been embezzling money from the company. Unbeknownst to Krasnoff, Cason had been taking assets of the company for personal use, such as for private jet charters for gambling junkets. Cason hid his embezzling activities by maintaining a separate set of books that disguised what he was doing and by instructing employees to hide the true financial status of the company. Cason’s conduct had caused SGE to become insolvent. Appellants lost over $5 million of their original investments, and even Krasnoff himself lost over $2 million due to the failure of Casko and SGE.
Appellants sued Krasnoff for breach of his alleged oral guaranty and for attorney fees. Appellants later amended their complaint to add Krasnoff’s wife and the Krasnoff Family Irrevocable Trust, alleging, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and fraudulent conveyance (for Krasnoff conveying his house to his wife and to the Krasnoff Family Irrevocable Trust in 1993). Krasnoff did not file an answer to the initial complaint, and after 15 days following the original answer deadline (the time within which he could have opened the default as a matter of right (OCGA § 9-11-55 (a)), appellants moved for a default judgment. Defendant filed the necessary materials to have the default opened one day after plaintiffs’ motion, arguing that the failure to answer resulted only from multiple similar lawsuits being filed against him in the same court, leading him to the mistaken impression that the suit had been answered along with all of the others when, in reality, it had not been. The trial court decided to open the default and to allow the case to proceed on the merits.
1. Appellants contend that the trial court erred by opening the default in this case. More specifically, they argue that Krasnoff’s failure to answer resulted from mere inattention to court procedures, which was insufficient to warrant the opening of the default. We disagree and hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by opening the default in this case.
A trial court has broad discretion to open a default, and this court will not interfere with a trial court’s decision to open a default absent a manifest abuse of discretion.
Johnson v. American Nat. Red Cross,
The law favors the opening of defaults to allow cases to proceed on their merits:
The rule permitting opening of default is remedial in nature and should be liberally applied, for default judgment is a drastic sanction that should be invoked only in extreme situations. Whenever possible cases should be decided on their merits for default judgment is not favored in law. Generally, a default should be set aside where the defendant acts with reasonable promptness and alleges a meritorious defense. In determining whether a situation is extreme, among the factors which may be considered, but which will not standing alone authorize the opening of default pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-55 (b), are: whether and how the opposing party will be prejudiced by opening the default; whether the opposing party elected not to raise the default issue until after the time under OCGA § 9-11-55 (a) had expired for the defaulting party to open default as a matter of right; and whether the defaulting party acted promptly to open the default upon learning no answer had been either filed or timely filed.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.)
Ford v. St. Francis Hosp.,
In the instant case, Krasnoff filed all materials necessary for compliance with OCGA § 9-11-55 (b) within one day of learning about the default (including his assertion of meritorious defenses that were
ultimately successful). Interestingly, appellants failed to raise any issue with respect to the default until defendant’s time to open the default as a matter of right had already expired. This was the case even though defendant had already served extensive discovery on plaintiffs, to which defendant granted plaintiffs an extension to answer, before defendant’s answer was even due. Furthermore, defendant’s failure to answer in a timely manner was explained by the fact that several similar lawsuits had been filed against him, leading to understandable confusion as to whether an answer had already been filed in this case. Under the circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by opening the default and allowing the case to proceed on the merits. Cf.
Colonial Penn Ins. Co. v. Market Planners Ins. Agency,
2. Appellants argue that the trial court erred by dismissing their claim for
Under OCGA § 23-2-58, a confidential relationship arises “where one party is so situated as to exercise a controlling influence over the will, conduct, and interest of another or where, from a similar relationship of mutual confidence, the law requires the utmost good faith, such as the relationship between partners, principal and agent, etc.” “The mere fact that one reposes trust and confidence in another does not create a confidential relationship. In the majority of business dealings, opposite parties have trust and confidence in each other’s integrity, but there is no confidential relationship by this alone.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Lewis v. Alderman,
Here, appellants had their own financial advisors in this business transaction, which belies the inference of any confidential relationship between appellants and Krasnoff. Appellants’ allegations do not indicate the existence of a confidential relationship. See
Moore v. Bank of Fitzgerald, 225
Ga. App. 122, 126 (2) (a) (
3. Appellants further argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to defendants on appellants’ claim for breach of an oral guaranty. Appellants contend that Krasnoff’s oral guaranty to appellants constituted an “original undertaking,” which exempted it from the Statute of Frauds. We disagree.
On appeal from the grant of summary judgment, we conduct a de novo review of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact remains and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Rubin v. Cello Corp.,
Pursuant to OCGA § 13-5-30 (2), a guaranty must be in writing. An original undertaking, which is not subject to the Statute of Frauds (see
B. J. Howard Corp. v. Skinner, Wilson & Strickland,
The evidence here reveals that, at most, Krasnoffs promise to appellants’ agent would have created a classic guaranty. Appellants were looking first to Casko/SGE for payment, and in the event of a default then would look to Krasnoff for payment. Since this guaranty was not in writing, appellants are precluded from enforcing it. See
Bennett Oil Co.,
supra,
4. We also find that the trial court did not err by granting summary judgment to defendants on appellants’ claims for breach of contract and fraud. Appellants’ arguments that Krasnoff created a contract with them by orally representing that he would manage their funds, and that his alleged
We hold that the alleged oral promises made here are too vague to create an enforceable contract. Krasnoff’s promises to manage plaintiffs’ future investments and be involved in Casko’s operations are too indefinite to provide concrete parameters for an enforceable agreement, as there is no evidence in the record as to what the parties agreed that Krasnoff’s management and involvement were sup
posed to entail. See, e.g.,
Autrey v. UAP/GA AG CHEM,
Similarly, the alleged promises also were not definite enough to support an action for fraud. “Although fraud can be predicated on a misrepresentation as to a future event where the promisor knows that the future event will not take place, fraud cannot be predicated on a promise which is unenforceable at the time it is made.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Autrey,
supra,
5. Appellants’ claim for piercing the corporate veil is also without merit, and we agree with the trial court that summary judgment should have been awarded to defendants on this claim.
“The concept of piercing the corporate veil is applied in Georgia to remedy injustices which arise where a party has overextended his privilege in the use of a corporate entity in order to defeat justice, perpetrate fraud, or evade contractual or tort responsibility.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Commonwealth Financial Corp. v. Sherrill,
Here, the evidence reveals that appellants’ advisors knew that Casko was a shell corporation that had no assets and that SGE serviced the loan agreements. The only evidence of abuse of the corporate form came from Cason embezzling funds from the company, and not from any intentional action by Krasnoff. Appellants were in no way misled or cheated due to any alleged abuse of the corporate form of Casko by Krasnoff The trial court properly granted summary judgment to defendants on this claim.
6. Appellants further argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to defendants on appellants’ claim for fraudulent conveyance. We disagree.
OCGA § 18-2-22 allows for creditors and others to challenge fraudulent conveyances of property by a debtor. Pursuant to subsection (2) of the statute, it must be shown that the conveyance was made with the intent to delay or defraud creditors, and that the recipient of the conveyance also knew of that intent, in order to have
it set aside as fraudulent. See also
Stokes v. McRae,
The undisputed testimony of Krasnoff and his wife revealed that the house was conveyed for estate planning purposes, and we find no circumstances from which a jury could infer that defendants acted with an intent to defraud creditors based on this transaction. Summary judgment was properly awarded to defendants here.
7. Since the trial court correctly dismissed appellants’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty and properly granted summary judgment on all of appellants’ remaining underlying claims, the grant of summary judgment on appellants’ punitive damages and attorney fees claims was also proper. See
Groutas v. McCoy,
Judgment affirmed.