36 S.E.2d 330 | Ga. | 1945
Lead Opinion
1. This is the second appearance of the instant case. Although the bill of exceptions assigns error upon exceptions pendente lite complaining of orders overruling demurrers to the petition, it appears that they are the same exceptions pendente lite that were sent up as a part of the former record, and that were considered in the former decision. The petition was amended in material respects after the reversal of the former judgment and return of the case to the trial court, and there was no subsequent demurrer or renewal of demurrer to the petition as thus amended. In the circumstances, no ruling on demurrer is now presented for review; the exceptions pendente lite having spent their force, and nothing further having been urged by demurrer.
2. This being a suit in which the plaintiff sought, among other things, to recover damages of the defendant Loan Association for an alleged breach of a contract wherein the defendant had agreed to lend to the assignor of the plaintiff money for the purpose of making improvements and additions to property then owned by the assignor but later conveyed to the plaintiff and known as the "Godwin Home Place," which contract, as appeared from the evidence, was in writing, and the jury having found a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for a stated sum as damages, the complaint in the defendant's motion for a new trial that the court erred in excluding "the oral testimony of Mr. Leader [an officer of the defendant Loan Association] with reference to the terms of the contract prior to the time it was entered into," even if sufficiently definite as to what particular testimony was excluded, is without merit, since it appears from the record that some of the testimony of the witness contradicted the terms of the written instrument as to material matters.
3. The construction of a contract is a question of law for the court, but *80 the surrounding circumstances may be proved in aid of construction. Accordingly, in this case involving an agreement to lend money for the purpose of building an apartment at a location described as being on lot 56 "and the rear of No. 54," the court did not err in admitting testimony as to the actual or geographical location of the "rear" of lot 54.
4. The ground of the motion for a new trial, complaining because a described deed was admitted in evidence over objection, is controlled adversely to the movant by the law of the case, substantially the same complaint having been made upon the former appearance of the case and the judgment as to the particular matter having been affirmed, although it was so affirmed because of abandonment of the assignment of error as to such matter.
5. In the petition as amended, the plaintiff alleged in effect that, after the defendant had furnished a part of the sum it had agreed to lend, and after the plaintiff had expended approximately $7500 on the work according to the agreement, the defendant declined and refused to furnish the remainder to complete the additions and improvements, and "by reason of its misconduct above alleged" damaged the plaintiff in the sum of $7500, representing the difference in the value of material used and work done on said building and the value of said improvements to the property, and in addition thereto $5000, representing the difference in the market value of the Godwin home on said property before construction began and after construction was stopped. The judge charged the jury that there were two items of damages claimed by the plaintiff, which would be referred to in the charge as items 1 and 2, and about which he then gave separate instructions, explaining each item and stating the measure of damages under each. Held, that the charge was not subject to the criticism that it undertook to "segregate" the amount of the damages in a manner that was not in keeping with the pleadings or the evidence; nor was it susceptible of the construction that it did not allow consideration of the property as a whole, including all improvements, in determining issues as to value and depreciation in market value.
6. The part of the charge, submitting issues as to recovery for amounts which the plaintiff had expended for materials in partial construction of the improvements and additions before the work was stopped, could not reasonably have been understood by the jury as authorizing them to consider materials that had been purchased for such purpose, but had not been so used.
(a) Nor was the charge erroneous because it did not submit any issue as to salvage value, since any credit to which the defendant might have been entitled on that account was a matter for defense, and there was no pleading or evidence on the subject.
7. The evidence authorized the verdict in favor of the plaintiff for $8500 as damages, and no substantial error of law having been committed, the court did not err in refusing a new trial.
The property known as the "Godwin Home Place" was acquired by M. A. Studstill on August 25, 1941, the same day on which he entered into the loan agreement with the defendant Association. On the same date he executed a security deed to the Association for $16,000, and also, by a deed of the same date, conveyed the property to Mrs. Albert Henderson, as trustee for Albert Henderson Jr., a minor. In this deed, there was no reference to the loan contract, but, as stated above, the loan contract was later assigned to Albert Henderson Jr., on April 30, 1942. On March 13, 1943, after the suit was filed, Studstill executed and delivered to Mrs. Albert Henderson, as trustee for Albert Henderson Jr., a deed conveying the same property and purporting to reform the previous deed between the same parties so as to incorporate therein a transfer and assignment of the loan contract according to the agreement and understanding of the parties at the time the said original agreement was made.
The Godwin residence was situated on a tract of land in the southwest corner of Flint Street, running east and west, and Jackson Street, running north and south, in the City of Albany. The residence faced east toward Jackson Street, while the tract of land on which it was situated, known as the Godwin lot, or home place, consisted of the northern portions of lots 50, 52, and 54, and the east half of lot 56, all, according to their form and dimensions, fronting north on Flint Street.
The loan agreement was in writing, and contemplated, among other things, that certain changes and alterations would be made *83 inside the Godwin residence. It also provided for the construction of a new four-unit apartment.
The agreement consisted of an application signed by Studstill; a loan-settlement statement showing the terms and conditions of the loan and signed by both the defendant and Studstill; and two promissory notes for $8000 each, both signed by Studstill, the second note containing the statement that the money was not to be advanced unless plans and specifications for a four-unit apartment to be erected were approved by the Association. The material parts of these writings are shown in the statement of facts preceding the former decision and need not be repeated in detail here.
Notwithstanding the loan agreement was in writing, the parties made opposite contentions as to its scope and conditions, and especially as to the location of the proposed new 4-unit apartment.
The plaintiff contended that, according to actual agreement and understanding, the defendant was to lend an entire sum of $16,000 for the improvement of the Godwin home and construction of a new four-unit apartment in front of the same; and that, at the time the defendant discontinued the advancements, the work was proceeding in accordance with the agreement.
The defendant contended, that the agreement, instead of providing for a single loan of $16,000, contemplated two loans of $8000 each, the first being for an immediate and unconditional advancement, and the other being subject to the defendant's approval of plans and specifications for a four-unit apartment to be erected on lot 56 "and the rear of No. 54," in the rear of the Godwin residence. The defendant further contended that it had complied with its agreement to advance the first loan of $8000, and that the conditions on which the second loan was to be made had not been complied with.
On July 26, 1943, the jury returned a verdict finding that the contract was for a loan of $16,000, and that the petitioner had been damaged in the sum of $4000. The court entered a judgment and decree accordingly. The defendant's motion for a new trial was overruled, and it excepted. In its bill of exceptions, the Association assigned error both on the judgment refusing a new trial and on its exceptions pendente lite to which reference has been made. It was upon these assignments of error that the case *84 was reviewed by this court in Albany Federal Savings and LoanAssociation v. Henderson, supra.
In the opinion it was said that the general grounds of the demurrer had been abandoned; also that some of the special demurrers were not argued or insisted upon and would not be ruled on. While some of the remaining grounds of special demurrer were held to be without merit, it was ruled that others were well taken and should have been sustained. It was held further that the court erred in not excluding certain testimony on objection of the defendant, and also that two excerpts from the court's charge were erroneous, as insisted in the motion for a new trial.
In one of the rulings on demurrer, it was stated that the special damages claimed "were such as the jury might reasonably find to have been in the contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was entered into."
After that decision and the return of the case to the trial court, the plaintiff amended his petition by striking the allegations which this court had held were subject to special demurrer (see former decision, headnote 4 and division 4); and, in view of the ruling as to the admissibility of evidence, amended further by adding the following allegations:
"2. That the contract between M. A. Studstill and defendant Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association is in writing, a copy of which is hereto attached marked Exhibit `A' and hereby made a part of this amendment. Said contract was assigned to plaintiff. *85
"3. Plaintiff shows that subsequent to the execution of said contract plaintiffs and defendant, Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association, in the course of executing said contract departed from its terms without objection or notice from defendant, Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association, of its intention to rely on the exact terms of the contract. Said departure consisted in erecting the four new apartments in front of the Godwin home instead of erecting same on lot No. 56 and rear of No. 54.
"4. That after the execution of said written contract the parties mutually agreed to modify the same by agreeing to place the new four-unit apartment in front of the Godwin home. Said agreement was acted upon and construction begun in accordance with said modified agreement.
"5. That after entering into said written contract the defendant, Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association, waived the provision that the new four-unit apartment be erected on lot No. 56 and rear of lot No. 54.
"6. That after the execution of the written contract plaintiffs began to erect the new four-unit apartment in front of the Godwin home with the approval of defendant, Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association, and said Association did advance large sums for the construction of same, and said sums were spent on construction work on the four-unit apartment in front of the Godwin home, and defendant inspected the work from time to time and knew that the said new four-unit apartment was being placed in front of the Godwin home, [and] is therefore estopped from questioning or contending that the said new four-unit apartment was to be and should have been erected on lot No. 56 and rear of No. 54."
Exhibit "A" referred to was an alleged copy of the "Loan Settlement Statement," the substance of which, as hereinbefore stated, may be found in the former decision. The amendment was allowed on September 21, 1944. So far as appears, there was no demurrer or objection thereto, and there was no demurrer to the petition as thus amended. The case proceeded to a second trial on the petition as thus finally amended and the defendant's answer as previously amended. On September 22, 1944, the jury found a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for $8500 as damages. *86
On the basis of this verdict, the court entered a decree containing, among other things, a judgment in favor of the Association against the plaintiff for $217.58, this being the balance due to the defendant after deducting the amount of the damages from the sum that had been advanced to the plaintiff, plus interest. The decree also declared: (1) As against parties defendant other than the Loan Association, that the deed under which Studstill claimed to have acquired title to the Godwin Home Place vested a valid title in him. (2) That the security deed from Studstill to the Loan Association is a valid security deed. (3) That the deeds from M. A. Studstill to Mrs. Albert Henderson, as trustee for Albert Henderson Jr., are valid deeds; and that, Henderson having reached his majority before the trial, the trust created in these deeds has become executed. (4) That title of the plaintiff, Albert Henderson Jr., to the property described in the security deed from M. A. Studstill to the defendant Association "is hereby decreed and established as a good and fee-simple title as against Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association, or any other party or parties to the case."
The defendant filed a motion for a new trial based on the usual general grounds, to which several special grounds were added by amendment. The motion was overruled, and the defendant excepted. In the bill of exceptions, error was assigned upon the judgment refusing a new trial, and also upon "the exceptions pendente lite above referred to, and upon the rulings therein excepted to." However, the bill of exceptions contained no previous reference to exceptions pendente lite, and the only later reference was a specification of exceptions pendente lite of March 25, 1943, as a part of the record to be sent up, which were the same exceptions pendente lite that were sent up with the former writ of error. As indicated above, no demurrer was subsequently filed, nor were there any subsequent exceptions pendente lite, so far as appears.
The grounds of the motion for a new trial added by amendment were numbered 4 to 7 inclusive. Ground 4 consisted of three parts, designated as A, B, and C. Parts A and C were mere amplifications of the general grounds. Part B complained of the exclusion of testimony. In the other grounds, the movant complained of the admission of oral and documentary evidence over *87 objections, and of excerpts from the charge of the court in reference to damages.
The judge's charge to the jury was in part as follows:
"Gentlemen of the jury, this is a suit by Albert Henderson Jr., against the Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association for damages for alleged breach of contract. The plaintiff alleges in substance that his assignor entered into a contract with the Loan Association, or defendant, for money with which to make a change in the Godwin home, for the building of certain apartments, and for money to erect a unit of four new apartments, that notes and security deed were executed and the loan closed, assignment of the assignor's rights were made to the plaintiff, and that subsequently the Loan Association breached its contract by failing and refusing to advance any further sum than $8000 under the contract, and that he was thereby damaged in the sum of $12,500, which the court will hereafter charge you about. The plaintiff further contends that subsequent to the execution of the contract . . the plaintiff and defendant in the course of the execution of the contract, that is the work, departed from the terms of the contract, that is, that there was a modification or change in the contract, and that the defendant Loan Association waived the provision in the written contract that the new apartments were to be erected on lot number 56 and the rear of lot number 54, that in accordance with the agreed change the plaintiff began to erect the apartment unit in front of the Godwin home, that this was known by the defendant Loan Association, and no objection was made by the defendant Loan Association.
"The defendant, on the other hand, admits that a loan was made to the plaintiff but contends that the loan was for the sum of $8000, and that it was fully advanced, that it fully complied with its contract, and that it is therefore not liable to the plaintiff for damages.
"You will have the pleadings out with you. They are not evidence, but you will have a right to read them in order to more clearly understand the contentions of both the plaintiff and the defendant Loan Association. . .
"One of the issues to be decided by you in this case is: Whether the contract of the Savings and Loan Association with Studstill was for an absolute loan of $16,000 divided into two notes of *88 $8000 each, as contended by the plaintiff Henderson, or whether it was, on the other hand, an absolute loan of only $8000 for improving the Godwin home place, and for a conditional loan of another $8000 for constructing a four-unit apartment on lot number 56 and the rear of lot number 54, in the rear of the Godwin home, provided the plans and specifications therefor were submitted to and approved by the Loan Association, as contended by the Loan Association. In this connection, I charge you, as a matter of law, that the effect of the written evidence of the contract, which is before you, is that the contract was conditional as to $8000 of the loan, as contended by the Loan Association, and it is your duty to so find, unless you believe from the evidence, and under the instructions given you by the court, that there was, after the written contract was signed, an oral modification of that written contract, agreed upon by the parties thereto, by which the conditional contract as to the loan of $8000 was made unconditional, so as to bind the Loan Association unconditionally to make a loan of the whole $16,000, and the burden of proving such modification by a preponderance of the evidence is upon the plaintiff Henderson, and unless you believe the plaintiff Henderson has carried that burden, it will be your duty to find that the contract was conditional as to a loan of $8000, as contended by the Loan Association. On the contrary, if you find that a preponderance of the evidence sustains the contentions of Henderson to the effect that such later modification of the contract was agreed upon, then you should find that the contract was unconditionally to loan the entire $16,000, as contended by Henderson. In this connection, I charge you that the mere fact that two notes for $8000 each were executed at the time the written contract was drawn up, and the fact that a security deed from Studstill to the Loan Association was signed, reciting that it was to secure the entire $16,000, would not authorize you to find that the original contract was unconditionally for a loan of the entire $16,000. . .
"I charge you, gentlemen of the jury, that under the law, when parties reduce their contracts to writing, they are bound by the contract as written, and neither of said parties can recover on a parol contract made prior to or contemporaneously with the written instruments, which is in conflict with said written instruments. In the present case, the written contract entered into *89 between the parties provided for an advance of $8000 for the purpose of constructing a four-unit apartment on the rear of lot number 56 and lot number 54, provided that plans and specifications therefor were submitted to and approved by the defendant Loan Association. I charge you in this connection that, if you find that the agreement upon which the plaintiff seeks to recover with reference to the $8000, which was provided in the written instrument for the erection of a four-unit apartment on the rear of lot number 56 and lot number 54, is not for the purpose of erecting a four-unit apartment on the rear of lot number 56 and lot number 54 as provided in said contract, and you further find that the agreement with reference to said $8000 loan, as claimed by the plaintiff, varies and contradicts the terms of said written instruments in respect thereto, and you further find that said agreement upon which the said plaintiff claims the right to said $8000 loan was a parol agreement made prior to or contemporaneously with said contract, and not thereafter, then I charge you the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover in this case.
"I charge you, gentlemen of the jury, that there are two items of damages claimed by the plaintiff in this case that will be referred to in the court's charge as item number one and item number two. In other words, if you find there was a breach of the contract on the part of the defendant then these rules will apply, and then only, provided you find that damages resulted from the alleged breach.
"The court will use the term `market value' several times in the charge with reference to items one and two. One of the items of damages sued for by the plaintiff in this case is, the difference between the market value of the property here involved before the work of improvement was begun, on the one hand, and the value of said property after said work was stopped, on the other hand. If you should find in favor of the plaintiff on the other issues, it is important that you should apply the correct rules of law on that subject. The market value of the property, both before the improvement was begun and also at the time when the work on the improvement was stopped, should be found by you to be the price which you believe, under the evidence, the property would have brought at that time, if offered for sale by an owner who desired, but was not obliged, to sell it, and if bought by one who was under *90 no necessity of having it. In estimating its value, all of the capabilities of the property and the uses to which it could be applied, or for which it was adapted, are to be considered, and not merely the condition of the property at that time, and the use to which it was then applied by the owner. All of the facts as to the condition of the property and its surroundings, its improvements and capabilities, may be shown and considered in estimating its value. The rules which I have given you in estimating the value must be applied by you, regardless of whether the evidence shows there was actually any owner who desired to sell the property, or anyone who desired to buy the property at the time. Whether the evidence shows that there was actually such a person who desired, but was not obliged to sell, or there was such a person who might buy, but was under no necessity to buy it, is immaterial, the rule of law being that you must find the value as what, in your opinion from the evidence, such persons would have agreed upon as the price, if there were such persons.
"Under item number one, the plaintiff claims damages for depreciation in the market value of the Godwin home which is located on the property in question and the money spent in changing and altering said house as contemplated by the parties by reason of the alleged breach of the contract by the defendant. The plaintiff contends that at the time the loan was made the parties contemplated and intended that the two-story brick house, known as the Godwin home, located on said property, would be converted into four apartments, and in pursuance of this understanding and to carry out the agreement, plaintiff did proceed to make certain changes and alterations in the dwelling house known as the Godwin home, and while the same were in an incompleted state defendant, without cause, refused to make the loan as agreed to, and by reason of defendant's breach of contract plaintiff was unable to complete the changes in the Godwin home, and that defendant had breached its contract in reference to said house. In determining whether the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages under this item, it would be your duty to determine, first, whether there has been a breach of contract, and, secondly, has there been a depreciation in the market value of the Godwin home by reason of said breach. If there has been a breach of contract, and if there has been a depreciation in the market value, the amount of *91 depreciation in the market value thereof plus the amount rightfully and properly spent on the incompleted changes and improvements thereon as contemplated by the parties would be the amount the plaintiff would be entitled to recover on this item. If you believe the market value of the Godwin home has been increased by reason of the changes and improvements made on said house, and that the increase in the market value equals the amount expended on the changes and improvements, then the plaintiff would not be entitled to damages and it would be your duty to find in favor of the defendant under that item.
"With reference to item number two, the plaintiff claims that at the time the loan was made it was understood that additional improvements would be placed on the property in question, that is, the Godwin lot, consisting of four new apartments. The plaintiff further alleges and claims that after the loan was made he proceeded to construct the four new apartments on the property as contemplated by the parties, and that after he had proceeded and spent considerable sums of money in material and labor and had partially constructed the four apartments, the defendant Loan Association breached its contract and refused to furnish the money as it had agreed to, and that he was forced to discontinue the erection of the four new apartments and had to abandon the work in an incomplete and unfinished condition.
"In reference to that, I charge you this, if you believe that the plaintiff under contract with the defendant spent various sums of money for material, labor, and other proper expenses in constructing the four new apartments, but was forced to abandon the construction of the same by reason of defendant's breach of contract, it will be your duty to find the amount of money properly and rightfully expended by the plaintiff on the incompleted construction of the four new apartments, and determine the value to the property of the incompleted improvements placed thereon by reason of the expenditures. If you believe the improvements placed upon said property by reason of the expenditures increased the value of the property less than the amount rightfully and properly expended, then under this item of damage the plaintiff would be entitled to recover the difference between the amount rightfully and properly expended on the improvements and the value that you find the incompleted improvements to be to the *92 property on which they are located. If you believe these improvements increased the value of the property in an amount equal to or greater than the amount expended by the plaintiff in the construction of same, then it would be your duty to find in favor of the defendant on this item, item number two."
Some additional facts will be stated in the opinion.
1. This is the second appearance of this case. Although the bill of exceptions refers to exceptions pendente lite complaining of orders overruling demurrers, the only such exceptions to be found in the record are those that were certified on March 25, 1943, being the same exceptions pendente lite that were sent up as a part of the former record, and that were considered in the former decision. Albany FederalSavings Loan Association v. Henderson,
2. The principal witness for the plaintiff was his father, Albert Henderson Sr., while the principal witness for the defendant was Leo Leader, secretary-treasurer of Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association. Both testified to facts and circumstances surrounding the execution of the loan contract and as to various matters following its execution. At the conclusion of the evidence, counsel for the defendant moved to exclude the testimony of the witness Henderson, on the ground that it was an effort to contradict and vary the terms of the written contract, whereupon counsel for the plaintiff moved to exclude "all oral testimony of Mr. Leo Leader prior to the execution and entering into the loan contract that varies or contradicts the terms of the written contract." The court ruled, and instructed the jury, as *93 follows: "Gentlemen, the court on motion of counsel has exclude from your consideration all of the testimony of Mr. Henderson, that is, the oral testimony with reference to the contract in this case prior to its execution, and the oral testimony of Mr. Leader with reference to the terms of the contract prior to the time it was entered into. That does not apply to the oral testimony subsequent to the time of the execution of the contract, but the ruling is that all of the testimony of both these witnesses prior to the time of the execution of the contract as to what the contract was, is excluded from your consideration."
In part B of ground 4 of the motion for a new trial, the movant complained that the ruling of the court excluding "the oral testimony of Mr. Leader with reference to the terms of the contract prior to the time it was entered into," as stated above, was erroneous and prejudicial in that, as the movant contends, none of the testimony of Leader was in conflict with the written instrument. "Movant contends that the testimony of said Leo Leader, in substance, that under the terms of the written contract it was intended to loan the sum of $8000 for the purpose of projecting a four-unit apartment in front of the Godwin home, leaving such part of the Godwin home as was not used in the construction of said apartment as living quarters for said Albert Henderson and his family, and that an additional $8000 was to be advanced for the construction of a four-unit apartment to the rear of the Godwin home facing on Flint Street, was not in conflict with the terms of said written instrument, but, on the contrary, movant contends that said testimony was in accord with the terms of said contract and the plans approved in connection therewith (Exhibits 8 and 9 of the brief of evidence, and attached hereto as Exhibits A and B). Movant contends that the ruling of the trial judge impressed the jury to the effect that the court was of the opinion that the testimony of said Leo Leader was in conflict with said written instrument, and movant contends that said ruling was erroneous and prejudicial."
Whether or not the foregoing complaint indicates with sufficient certainty what particular testimony the judge excluded or intended to exclude by the ruling quoted, we think that the part of the testimony therein set forth (but not alleged in terms to have been excluded) contradicted the provisions of the written instrument as *94 to converting or changing the Godwin residence into a four-unit apartment, with living quarters in the rear, and accordingly we hold that this assignment of error is without merit. See references to Exhibits 8 and 9 in division 7, infra.
3. As shown in the statement, the Godwin tract consisted of a strip across the northern parts of city lots 50, 52, 54, and the entire east half of lot 56, all, according to their form and dimensions, fronting north on Flint Street, although the residence situated thereon fronted east, toward Jackson Street. In ground 5 of the motion for a new trial, the movant complained because the court allowed the witness Henderson to testify that the rear of lot 54 is "nearly back of the city auditorium," and that, if a house were built on the rear of lot 54, it would be facing an alley, and would be on the property of a Mrs. Williams; the movant having objected to this testimony on the ground that "this contract provides that a four-unit apartment was to be built on the rear of lot 54 and 56, and this witness is undertaking to prove to the jury that this is an impossibility, and the Supreme Court has held that they are bound by the contract."
This ground of the motion for a new trial shows no cause for a reversal. The construction of the contract was a matter for the court, but it was permissible to prove the physical facts and circumstances. "The surrounding circumstances are always proper subjects of proof to aid in the construction of contracts." Code, § 38-505. See also Code, § 20-704 (1); Andrews v. Stulb Vorhauer,
4. In special ground 7, the movant assigned error upon the ruling of the court admitting in evidence the deed of March 13, 1943, called by the plaintiff "a reformed deed," over the objection that "the assignment in this deed after the suit was started would add nothing to their right." Substantially the same objection was made to the introduction of the identical deed on the former trial, but the ground was not argued or insisted upon in this court, and was treated as abandoned. See division 7 of the former decision. Accordingly, although the judgment refusing a new trial was reversed on other grounds, the ruling as to that particular matter stood affirmed because of the abandonment of the assignment of error based thereon, and the present exception relating to the same matter is necessarily controlled adversely to the defendant by the law of the case.
5. For the purpose of this and the division next following, reference is made to the entire charge on damages, as quoted in the preceding statement.
In ground 6 of the motion for a new trial, several attacks were made on the charge as to damages, which attacks were contained in various divisions and subdivisions of this ground, as hereinafter indicated. Considering these attacks as if they were separate and distinct grounds of the motion, we will deal first with ground 6 (1) A.
In that ground, the movant contended that so much of the charge as undertook to segregate the alleged damages into items 1 and 2 was erroneous because it was not in keeping with the pleadings and the evidence, and for other reasons. In order that this ground may be better understood, it may be recalled that the allegations as to damages were substantially as follows: In his petition as amended, the plaintiff alleged that at the time the work was stopped he had expended approximately $7500 for improvements and additions to the said property as contemplated *96 by the parties, and he claimed damages of $7500, "representing the difference in the value of material used and work done on said building in contemplation of the parties and the value of said improvements to the property, and in addition thereto $5000, representing the difference in the market value of the Godwin home located on said property before construction began and after construction was stopped;" it being also alleged, however, that by reason of the refusal of the plaintiff to furnish further money for continuing the work on said property, the expenditures made for the additions and improvements were of no value to the owner of said property.
In the former decision, it was held that the damages so alleged were such as the jury might reasonably find to have been in contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was entered into.
The judge, in charging the jury, stated that there were two items of damages claimed by the plaintiff that would be referred to in the charge as items 1 and 2. He further stated that, under item 1, the plaintiff claimed damages for "depreciation in the market value of the Godwin home located on the property in question and the money spent in changing and altering said house as contemplated by the parties by reason of the alleged breach of the contract by the defendant." He charged also that, "If there has been a breach of contract and if there has been a depreciation in the market value, the amount of depreciation in the market value thereof plus the amount rightfully and properly spent on the incompleted changes and improvements thereon as contemplated by the parties would be the amount the plaintiff would be entitled to recover on this item." Later, he charged in reference to item 2, stating as to this item, "the plaintiff claims that at the time the loan was made it was understood that additional improvements would be placed upon the property in question, that is the Godwin lot, consisting of four apartments." As to the same item, that is, item 2, he further charged among other things: "If you believe the improvements placed upon said property by reason of the expenditures increased the value of the property less than the amount rightfully and properly expended, then under this item of damage the plaintiff would be entitled to recover the difference between the amount rightfully and properly expended on the improvements and the value that you find the incompleted improvements *97 to be to the property on which they are located. If you believe these improvements increased the value of the property in an amount equal to or greater than the amount expended by the plaintiff in the construction of same, then it would be your duty to find in favor of the defendant on this item, number two."
It was contended that the charge thus undertook to divide the claim for damages into two distinct parts, one relating to the existing residence known as the Godwin home, and the other relating to the four new apartments as begun, but as left in an unfinished state, in front of such residence; that there were no pleadings or evidence to warrant such division or segregation; and that the charge was also confusing and prejudicial, because in determining the issues both as to depreciation in the value of the Godwin home (item 1), and as to the value of the incompleted improvements "to the property" (item 2), the entire Godwin home place, that is, the residence and the entire tract of land upon which it is situated, with all improvements, should have been considered as a whole, and that such issues could not be properly and fairly determined by considering the various elements separately, which, as the movant insists, the jury were required to do under the charge.
There is no merit in the contention that segregation into items 1 and 2 was not in accordance with the pleadings. The petition as amended, having alleged expenditure of approximately $7500 for "improvements and additions," was broad enough to cover amounts expended both on changes and alterations within the residence itself, and on partial construction of the new four-unit apartment, in front of such residence. It is true that there were no allegations as to amounts separately expended on each, but a charge which directed the jury to consider separate amounts was easily within the scope of the general allegations stated, and altogether consistent therewith.
Nor can we sustain the contention that there was no evidence as to separate expenditures. Henderson testified that he "actually spent $8500 or $9000 there," but that no separate accounts were kept "because it was all one job." The test was not the precise amount expended, but the amount rightfully and properly expended, as stated by the judge in his charge. U.S.v. Behan,
On cross-examination, the witness testified: "I could not estimate how many face brick he had used around there. I did know at the time how many concrete blocks he has used, but I don't recall now. When I went around there, I would say, taking into consideration the fact that he had used some face brick on the old house, that he had used 25,000 or 30,000 face brick." "Q. Did you estimate how many floor joists he had used?" "A. He had finished five or six rooms in there." "Q. Did you make an estimate of the materials he had used in coming to your conclusions, or did you just look at the building and say what you thought it cost?" "A. We didn't go through all of it. I made no estimate of how much floor joists he had used, or brick, or anything. I was not familiar with this property before the work started."
Notwithstanding the opinion of this witness as to amounts expended may have been weakened somewhat on cross-examination, we cannot say that it was entirely without probative value. Code, §§ 38-1708, 38-1709; Shaw v. Jones, Newton Co.,
There is no merit in the contention that in the part of the charge submitting the question of depreciation in the value of the Godwin home or dwelling house, and the issues as to the amounts by which the improvements and additions may have increased *99 the value of the property, the Godwin home place was not treated as a whole, but was divided into separate parts, as (1) the dwelling house with the land only on which it is situated, and (2) the four new apartments as begun in front of such residence with the land on which they alone are located.
While the charge did, in more than one instance, refer to the Godwin home as "said house," it followed the petition in this respect; the allegations as to the difference in market value of "the Godwin Home located on said property" clearly referring to the Godwin "house." There was nothing in the charge that tended to require the jury to consider the house only, or the house with less than the entire Godwin lot, in determining depreciation in market value or other issue; but, in determining all issues, they were left free to consider the entire Godwin Home Place as a whole.
The charge as to item 2 referred in the opening sentence to "the Godwin lot," plainly meaning the entire tract known as the Godwin Home Place, and the word "property" in the latter excerpts submitting the issue as to the value of the incompleted improvements "to the property," or "to the property on which they are located," was evidently intended to have the same meaning, that is, the entire Godwin tract.
None of the complaints as to segregation of damages shows error. "If the charge is sufficiently clear as to be understood by jurors of ordinary capacity and understanding, this is all that is required, and such appears to us to be the case as to the charge of the court in this case." Georgia Railroad v.Thomas,
6. All of the remaining assignments of error on the judge's charge will be considered and determined in this division.
In ground 6 (1) B, the movant contended that the charge as to damages was erroneous because it did not require the jury, in estimating the damages, to determine the value of the Godwin Home immediately after the breach of the contract, but authorized them to find damages based on the value of the property at any time up to the trial. In the former decision, it was stated, "a jury would be authorized to find that, in the unfinished state of the improvements and additions to the property, the petitioner sustained damages at the moment the lender refused to advance the remainder of the loan."
Before giving in charge any rule as to damages under either item, the judge stated to the jury that he would use the term "market value" several times in his charge with reference to items 1 and 2. He then gave a rather lengthy definition or explanation of the term, in which he referred to market value "at the time when the work on the improvements was stopped," and used other expressions of the same import with respect to the time element. In view of these specific instructions as to market value, the charge as a whole was not reasonably subject to the criticism that it authorized the jury to find damages based on value or values at any time up to the trial, notwithstanding there were certain later expressions, which, if they had stood alone, might have been susceptible of that construction. See, in this connection, Seaboard Air-Line Railway v. Bishop,
Nor was the charge subject to the criticism contained in ground 6 (2) A, that it authorized a recovery of damages without reference to whether they were shown to have resulted from a breach of the contract or from some other cause not inherent in the contract or in the contemplation of the parties; the judge having prefaced his instructions as to the measure of damages with the statement, "if you find there was a breach of the contract on the part of the defendant, then these rules will apply, and then only, provided you find that damages resulted from the alleged breach," and all remaining instructions being consistent therewith.
In ground 6 (2) B, it was insisted that the charge was erroneous because it authorized the jury to consider as a part of the amount expended, approximately $2000 which Albert Henderson Sr., father of the plaintiff, and the contractor, testified that he had expended from his own personal funds.
There is no merit in this contention. The amount so expended could have been considered by the jury either as a gift or as a loan to the plaintiff by his father, and in either view it was proper for the jury to consider it in determining the amount rightfully and properly expended by the plaintiff, within the purview of the contract.
In ground 6 (2) C, it was contended that the charge was erroneous, *101 because it authorized the jury to include in their verdict the value of certain materials which had been purchased for use in making such improvements by the plaintiff, but which were not so used, in that they either remained on hand, or had been lost or sold, and also because it permitted a recovery based on the value of materials used on said construction work without allowing credit to the defendant for the "salvage value of such materials."
We cannot agree that the charge, when considered as a whole and reasonably construed, allowed the jury to consider the value of any materials that were not actually used in constructing the incompleted improvements and additions, especially in view of the instructions as to amounts "properly and rightfully" expended.
As to salvage, any credit to which the defendant might have been entitled on this account would have fallen under the principle that one who is injured by the breach of a contract is bound to lessen the damages, so far as practicable, by the use of ordinary care and diligence, and it was therefore a matter for defense. There being no pleadings or evidence as to salvage value, the charge as given was not erroneous for failure to mention salvage or salvage credit. See, in this connection, Code, § 20-1410; Southern Railway Co. v. Cunningham,
Without further enumeration, we may say that the exceptions to the charge other than those hereinbefore specifically mentioned are considered to be without merit, in view of what has been ruled above and the ruling in the former decision as to the measure of damages.
7. Finally, we come to the general grounds, involving the question as to whether the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict.
It is contended that, since it appears that Albert Henderson Sr., was the general agent of the plaintiff in all of the transactions about which he testified, his testimony should be construed most strongly against the plaintiff, just as though the witness himself had been the party plaintiff. Compare Baggett
v. Trulock, *102
The loan contract as finally expressed in the "Loan Settlement Statement," and the two notes for $8000 each, provided for an immediate and unconditional loan of $8000, to be used for the purpose of converting the Godwin home into a four-unit apartment, with living quarters in the rear, and a second or additional loan in the same amount, to be used for the construction of a four-unit apartment "on lot 56 and the rear of No. 54," provided plans and specifications therefor were submitted to and approved by the Association. It appeared on the former trial, as it did on the trial now under review, that, at the time the defendant discontinued the advancements, considerable work had been done both inside and outside the old Godwin residence. The work that had been done on the outside consisted of the partial construction of a new four-unit apartment, which was being built in front of the old residence and fronting on Jackson Street, which location was not in accordance with the provision in the written agreement as to building such a structure on lot No. 56 and the rear of lot 54. Nevertheless, on the former trial, Henderson was permitted to testify as to a verbal agreement to lend an entire sum of $16,000 for improvements on the Godwin home, and for the construction of a new four-unit apartment in front of the same, and it was held by this court that such testimony varied and contradicted the terms of the written contract as to the location of the proposed new structure and the approval of plans and specifications therefor as a condition precedent to an advancement of the second loan of $8000. The plaintiff thereafter amended his petition by alleging a mutual departure from the written terms of the contract after it was executed, such departure consisting in erecting the four-unit apartment in front of the Godwin home, instead of erecting the same on lot No. 56 and the rear of No. 54, and by further alleging waiver and estoppel.
So, the important question now is whether the plaintiff was *103 entitled to recover upon the theory of a mutual departure, or other theory alleged in such amendment.
On the first trial, Henderson testified in reference to three drawings, now exhibits 8, 9, and 10 in the brief of evidence; exhibits 8 and 9 illustrating the outside appearances of the old residence with a proposed extension or addition in front, and exhibit 10 showing floor plans for a four-unit apartment. He testified on that trial that all of these drawings or plans had been agreed upon at the time the written contract was executed on August 25, 1941. Upon the second trial, he testified: That he was mistaken when he stated, on the former trial, that exhibit 10 had been so agreed upon; that as a matter of fact these floor or "working plans" (exhibit 10) were not even drawn until a week or ten days after the loan contract was made; and that they were then approved by Mr. Leader, representing the Association. "As to what I did after August 25th — as soon as the contract was signed, I went to making measurements to make a working plan to see what we could do, and we found in a few days where we could add this front portion to the new house and make a back porch to the old house by combining them, and we made a plan of that and carried it to Mr. Leader, and he approved it and said, `Go ahead and finish it.' Those plans are in court. That is the plan (referring to exhibit 10). I submitted them to Mr. Leader. According to those plans, the new apartment faces Jackson Street. That is the way it is now. Mr. Leader visited the job. He did not make any complaint about the location. He did not say it was in the wrong place. He said everything was O. K. He advanced me about $7100 or $7200. After that he said I didn't have any more coming. He would not give me any more money."
As to exhibits 8 and 9, he testified, "they are simply a picture, there was no working data to them and no man living could build a house by them. Plaintiff's No. 8 and 9 were in Mr. Leader's office at the time the contract was signed." "Q. But you say they had not been agreed on at the time it was signed?" "A. No working plan had been agreed on."
The witness further testified that his wife had assisted in drawing the plans for the four new apartments, and she herself testified: "I made the first sketch of them. These plans were made after August 25, 1941, because we didn't know whether we were *104 going to get the money until that date. That was the day Mr. Studstill was here and had lunch with us, and they were made afterwards. They were made from five to ten days after Studstill left on August 25, I don't remember exactly how long it was."
Mr. Leader contradicted the foregoing evidence of Mr. and Mrs. Henderson, testifying that exhibit 10 was submitted and agreed upon at the time the loan contract was executed; but that it represented a part of the work for which the first $8000 was loaned, and was not accepted or approved as fulfilling the conditions of the second loan. There were numerous other conflicts between the testimony of Leader and Henderson, which of course were issues for the jury. It appeared that Leader visited the premises frequently as the work progressed, and made no objection as to location or as to plans or specifications.
The testimony of Henderson cannot be laid aside as a matter of law because of the conflict with what he testified on the former trial as to exhibit 10. In view of his testimony that he had made a mistake on the former trial, it was a question for the jury as to whether they would believe his testimony on the same point as given on the second trial. Scott v. Powell Paving Co.,
Nor was the testimony of Henderson to the effect that no damage accrued immediately upon the breach of the contract, and that he had stated to Mr. Leader soon after the suit was filed that no damage had been sustained at that time, conclusive against the plaintiff on the issue as to damages, the witness having further testified: "I did not contemplate that if he did not let me have the money I could not get it anywhere else;" also: "When I say I suffered no damages on the day they quit furnishing me money, I meant that if I could have gotten the money elsewhere I would have suffered no damages. I could have gone on with the work."
It appears from this testimony that the witness did not mean to concede that there was no liability, albeit he may have confused the legal concept as to injury from breach, with the duty of diligence to lessen or overcome the damages sustained.Albany Federal Savings and Loan Association v. Henderson,
On September 1, 1941, Albert Henderson signed a letter addressed to Leo Leader, outlining the changes and additions that he proposed to make for the sum of $8000. This letter may have contained some statements that were inconsistent with the testimony of Henderson as given upon the trial, but he undertook to explain it as being consistent according to his construction of it. It was no part of the contract, but at most was a mere admission subsequently made, and was subject to explanation. Accordingly, this letter went only to credibility, and did not absolutely require a verdict in favor of the defendant. PhoenixInsurance Co. v. Gray,
Henderson testified that there was never any real agreement to build a new four-unit apartment on lot 56 and the rear of lot 54, or in the rear of the Godwin Home Place — "There was a written contract to that effect but none as I understood it. The written contract might show that but that was not my understanding of it." He several times testified that the wording of the contract was wrong as to the location of the proposed new apartments. This, however, would not prevent a mutual departure from the terms of the written agreement, or a recovery based upon that theory. Manifestly the parties could, by subsequent agreement or conduct, disregard or modify a written stipulation that did not express their actual agreement, just as completely and effectually as they might do with respect to one that did fully and correctly express such intention.
There was no direct or express testimony to the effect that Henderson ever demanded an advancement of any money under the second loan, or that he ever stated to Leader in specific terms that the proposed new four-unit apartment was being constructed in contemplation of the agreement as to that loan. Henderson testified: "He knew I had enough money to build those two apartments if they had kept furnishing it." "During the time that I went down there and when construction was going on on the apartment and after that I don't think I ever demanded of Mr. Leader the other $8000 as represented by the second note, but I told him plainly that I could not finish the apartments without *106 more money, and he said I didn't have any more coming to me, and I asked him why, and he hasn't answered me yet."
With respect to the change in location, Henderson, referring to exhibit 10, testified: "I discussed those plans with Mr. Leader when I took them back, and I went ahead on them. If I had completed those plans, I would have had eight apartments there." "You understood me to say that I went down there first and had an understanding with Mr. Leader, and the work was to go on simultaneously." "I say these plans show the four new apartments facing Jackson Street. And I say I discussed it with Mr. Leader. I would not have gone ahead with them if I had not had an agreement with him and his approval of the plans." "At the time the contract was signed no plans were agreed on at all. A week or ten days after the contract was signed on August 25, that (referring to exhibit 10) was presented and agreed on. That shows it on Jackson Street. It shows the back end of the new house connecting with the front of the old house. You hand me the loan agreement which is exhibit No. 2 (referring to that exhibit, hereto attached). The contract as it was written was changed when I went to Mr. Leader with the final plans on which the building was to be built. When I say the final plans, I mean these plans here (indicating). I mean exhibit No. 10. It was a week or ten days after the signing of the contract before exhibit No. 10 was exhibited to Mr. Leader." "As to how it was changed — when I went to Mr. Leader with those plans, they were completed and which plans were approved. Those plans are for the front of the Godwin Home facing Jackson Street, and this contract states it was to be built on the rear of lot No. 54 and No. 56."
It is argued for the defendant that, if the evidence shows any departure at all from the terms of the written contract, it was a departure from the original plans as to changes and alterations to be made inside the existing Godwin residence, and was not a departure with respect to the location of the proposed new four-unit apartment. Under the testimony quoted, considered with the other facts and circumstances of the case, the jury were authorized to find that there was a departure as to the latter structure, and that the agreement as to the second loan, though at first conditional, was rendered unconditional by subsequent agreement and conduct of the parties; also, that there was a breach of *107
the contract, as alleged, as to advancing money under that loan. "Parol evidence shall be admissible to rebut an equity, to discharge the entire contract, to provide a new and distinct subsequent agreement, to enlarge the time, or change the place of performance." Code, § 38-507. See also Code, § 20-116; Eaves Collins v. Cherokee Iron Co.,
While, as we have indicated, the evidence may not have disclosed any express subsequent agreement describing the proposed new four-unit apartment by name and purporting in specific language to change the location from that stated in the contract, yet an agreement to that effect could be shown by circumstantial as well as direct evidence.
Exhibits 8 and 9 were not signed by the parties, nor were they in any way made a part of the written contract. Being nothing more than contemporaneous negotiations, they could not by themselves vary the agreement as finally reduced to writing; and, so far as they may have indicated or tended to indicate that the first loan of $8000 would be used to build a new four-unit apartment as an annex or addition to the existing residence and in front of it, they were in conflict with the stipulation in the loan-settlement statement that the first loan would be advanced as the work progressed "on the change of the Godwin Home into a four-unit apartment." Buffington v. Bank of College Park,
It is true that the application for the loan, besides stating that the Godwin home was to be "converted into a four-unit apartment," described the house as "Home 4 Units,"yet the ultimate contract was contained in the loan-settlement statement; and even construing both together, although the latter would control *108
in case of conflict, we do not think that it could be reasonably said that the written agreement as to the first loan contemplated that the proceeds of the loan would be used for the construction of anything as an annex or projection in front of the Godwin residence as it then existed. Augusta Land Co. v. AugustaRailway c. Co.,
Accordingly, the evidence authorized a finding that the four new apartments that were begun and partially constructed as an annex and projection in front of such residence did not correspond with anything contemplated by the agreement as to the first loan, but did correspond with what was contemplated by the agreement as to the second loan, except as to location; and these were material circumstances which the jury were authorized to consider in determining the issues involved.
This is the second verdict in favor of the plaintiff. The trial judge in the exercise of his discretionary power declined to disturb it. The question here is not whether the verdict may, in the opinion of this court, be contrary to the weight of the evidence, but is whether there was any substantial evidence to sustain it.
The evidence was sufficient to support the verdict as to all issues, including the amount of damages, and it was not error to refuse a new trial.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Duckworth,J., who dissents.
Dissenting Opinion
The sole basis upon which recovery was sought and obtained was an alleged breach of that portion of a written contract comprising an alleged mutual verbal departure. Unless the original contract has been modified by the alleged mutual departure, then the petitioner, in view of the former decision by this court in Albany Federal c. Assn. v.Henderson,
Were there nothing in the evidence to indicate a contrary intention, the fact that a separate four-unit apartment in front of the Godwin home was assented to by the parties after the execution of the contract might possibly have authorized the jury to draw an inference that they intended for this to take the place of the apartment in the rear as provided by the contract. But something very definitely does appear, showing conclusively a contrary intention, to wit: the borrower by his letter of September 1, 1941, specified this apartment as the structure he intended to build with the proceeds of the unconditional loan which was then available and none of which had been used. Then, when five days thereafter he presented to the lender the floor plan shown by exhibit 10, which is a floor plan of the structure he had described in such letter, there is no room for any reasonable inference except that both parties, by agreeing to the floor plan shown by exhibit 10, intended that it conform to the letter of September 1, 1941, and be erected with the first loan, and that neither thereby intended to alter the terms of the conditional loan.
The majority opinion quotes the Code, § 38-507. I think that section has no application here. The applicable statute is § 20-116, but under this latter section a departure that will work a novation of the original contract must be mutually intended and assented to. Bearden Mercantile Co. v. Madison Oil Co.,
Undoubtedly the ugly picture of the incomplete building, leaving as it does the entire structure exposed to the weather, which will cause rapid deterioration, and also rendering all of it untenantable, thus depriving the owner of any income therefrom, makes a strong appeal to the human heart and causes deep sympathy to go out to the unfortunate owner. In the absence of legal obstacles, the natural and human reaction would be to help such owner and protect him against such loss. If another inflicted it, then such other one should be required to compensate him in damages. Then, with the petition and the testimony on behalf of the petitioner stating a general conclusion of the witness, saying to the jury that the lender caused the damage by a breach of the contract to lend money with which to complete the work, the *114 jury evidently made its verdict upon this alone, without taking note of the fact that: (a) there was no evidence to show a mutual departure from the contract; (b) if there was any departure, it related solely to that portion dealing with the loan actually made; and (3) there was no semblance of a breach of the contract by the lender shown by any evidence whatsoever. The jury might easily have overlooked these insurmountable legal obstacles to any recovery, but this court can not overlook them. Indeed one of the purposes for allowing a review by this court is to insure that every case terminate in a judgment arrived at by observing all applicable rules of law, and thus subject evidence to careful scrutiny for its legal import. We know that, although the petitioner has suffered great injury, he can not lawfully require the lender to compensate him for that injury unless the lender caused the injury by a breach of the contract in the manner alleged in the petition. We know that, when given its full legal meaning, the petitioner's evidence fails to show such a breach, and hence it becomes our duty to reverse the judgment. The undisputed evidence shows that the petitioner's entire injury resulted from his faulty judgment in thinking that he could complete the building started with the $8000 he obtained with the first note, just as he said he could do in the letter of September 1, 1941, addressed to the lender. His signed statement that it would be done with $8000 is irreconcilable with the jury's finding that the parties had agreed to do it with $16,000. By that letter both parties state what their intentions were, what they mutually agreed to as to the total amount of money they intended to use in completing the structure the petitioner started. It does not come within the lawful power of the jury to disregard what both parties thus say was their intention, and in the absence of a scintilla of other evidence find their intention to have been to expend double the amount the parties state, and spend $16,000 instead of $8000. Such a finding by the jury being essential to authorize the verdict rendered, and the evidence demanding a different finding, the verdict is contrary to both the law and the evidence, and the court erred in overruling the general grounds of the motion for new trial.
I have not discussed the rulings upon the exceptions to the charge of the court, but in view of the clear error, as I see it, in *115 the ruling on the general grounds, the case should be reversed, and I am unable to concur in any of the rulings made in the majority opinion.