667 N.W.2d 379 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2003
ALAN CUSTOM HOMES, INC., Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-Appellee,
v.
Kenneth KROL and Karen Krol, Defendants/Counterplaintiffs-Appellants.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*380 David R. Kratze, Pontiac, for the plaintiff.
Powers, Chapman, DeAgostino, Meyers & Milia, P.C. (by Michael S. Holmes), Troy, for the defendants.
Before HOEKSTRA, P.J., and SMOLENSKI and FORT HOOD, JJ.
SMOLENSKI, J.
In this case involving breach of contract and a construction lien, defendants Kenneth and Karen Krol appeal as of right the judgment entered in favor of plaintiff Alan Custom Homes, Inc., following a bench trial. Plaintiff was awarded $42,763 plus interest, fees, and costs, for a total judgment of $57,512.62 against defendants. We affirm.
On October 24, 1998, defendants and plaintiff entered into a cost-plus contract[1] for plaintiff to build a custom home for defendants, at a cost of $262,466. Construction was delayed by waiting for permits, inclement weather, problems with draws, and changes in design. On January 4, 2000, defendants locked plaintiff's *381 workers out of the house, alleging that plaintiff had breached their contract by not completing the house in a timely manner. On January 18, 2000, defendants formally terminated plaintiff's services by letter. At that time, the house was ninety-five percent complete. Defendants acted as a general contractor to complete the house themselves.
On appeal, defendants claim that the trial court erred by denying their motion for summary disposition regarding plaintiff's claim for foreclosure of the construction lien. We disagree. This Court reviews a trial court's grant or denial of summary disposition de novo. Spiek v. Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337, 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998). Likewise, this Court reviews questions of statutory construction de novo. Roberts v. Mecosta Co. Gen. Hosp., 466 Mich. 57, 62, 642 N.W.2d 663 (2002).
The trial court apparently considered both MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10) as grounds for its summary-disposition decision. A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted. Spiek, supra at 337, 572 N.W.2d 201. A court must accept all factual allegations in the pleadings in support of the claim as true, as well as any reasonable inferences or conclusions that can be drawn from the facts, and construe those facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 119, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support of a plaintiff's claim. Spiek, supra at 337, 572 N.W.2d 201. When deciding a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), a court must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence submitted in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Ritchie-Gamester v. Berkley, 461 Mich. 73, 76, 597 N.W.2d 517 (1999).
Resolution of this issue requires us to interpret § 110 of the Construction Lien Act (CLA), M.C.L. § 570.1101 et seq. In Vugterveen Sys., Inc. v. Olde Millpond Corp., 454 Mich. 119, 121, 560 N.W.2d 43 (1997), our Supreme Court discussed the purpose and interpretation of the CLA and stated that the act "was intended to protect the interests of contractors, workers, and suppliers through construction liens, while protecting owners from excessive costs." The Court further stated that the act is to be "liberally construed to effectuate these purposes." Id.
MCL 570.1110(8) states:
If a contractor fails to provide a sworn statement to the owner or lessee before recording the contractor's claim of lien, the contractor's construction lien is not invalid. However, the contractor is not entitled to any payment, and a complaint, cross-claim, or counterclaim may not be filed to enforce the construction lien, until the sworn statement has been provided.
Defendants contend that this provision bars plaintiff's foreclosure claim.
While a strict reading of M.C.L. § 570.1110(8) supports defendants' argument that plaintiff's claim is barred, only "substantial compliance" with this provision is required. In Northern Concrete Pipe, Inc. v. Sinacola Cos-Midwest, Inc., 461 Mich. 316, 603 N.W.2d 257 (1999), our Supreme Court recently addressed when it is appropriate to use the CLA's "substantial compliance" provision.[2] The Court *382 recognized that in Vugterveen, supra, it stated that the "substantial compliance" provision applied to part one of the CLA, but noted that Vugterveen did not examine whether the provision was applicable to "every word of every provision within part one." Id. at 321, n. 15, 603 N.W.2d 257 (internal citations omitted). Therefore, the Court in Northern Concrete Pipe instructed that
[t]he scope of a statutory "substantial compliance" provision requires an analysis, on a case-by-case basis, of the following logically relevant factors among others: the overall purpose of the statute; the potential for prejudice or unfairness when the apparent clarity of a statutory provision is replaced by the uncertainty of a "substantial compliance" clause; the interests of future litigants and the public; the extent to which a court can reasonably determine what constitutes "substantial compliance" within a particular context; and, of course, the specific language of the "substantial compliance" and other provisions of the statute. [Id. at 321-322, 603 N.W.2d 257.]
While Northern Concrete Pipe dealt with the applicability of the substantial compliance provision to the filing requirement of M.C.L. § 570.1111(1), the Supreme Court noted that application of the substantial compliance provision was well suited to notice provisions where the purpose of the requirement is to ensure that notice was received, citing Vugterveen's application of the substantial compliance provision to the notice requirement in M.C.L. § 570.1109. Id. at 323, 603 N.W.2d 257. Likewise, we hold that the CLA's substantial compliance provision is applicable to the notice requirement in M.C.L. § 570.1110(8).
In this case, application of the CLA's "substantial compliance" provision supports plaintiff's contention that its provision of unverified statements to the title company during construction and of a verified sworn statement to defendants before the summary-disposition hearing satisfied the notice requirement of M.C.L. § 570.1110(8). The purpose of the contractor providing the property owner with a sworn statement is "to enable the homeowner `to retain out of any money due or to become due to the contractor an amount sufficient to pay the subcontractors....'" Erb Lumber, Inc. v. Gidley, 234 Mich.App. 387, 399, n. 5, 594 N.W.2d 81 (1999), quoting Nurmi v. Beardsley, 275 Mich. 328, 329, 266 N.W. 368 (1936). That a statement is not sworn before a notary does not defeat the notice purpose of the statement. It still gives the owner notice of who the subcontractors are and the amount owing to each for the materials and labor supplied.
Therefore, we find that the unverified statements plaintiff gave to the title company to obtain draws substantially complied with the statutory notice requirement of M.C.L. § 570.1110(8). Moreover, we find that although plaintiff filed the present cause of action, including its claim for foreclosure of the lien, before giving defendants a verified sworn statement, plaintiff's provision of the verified sworn statement to them in February 2001, before the summary-disposition hearing was held,[3]*383 also constituted substantial compliance with M.C.L. § 570.1110(8).
In addition, plaintiff was entitled to maintain a cause of action against defendants for breach of contract, independent of any claim for foreclosure of the lien. MCL 570.1302(2).[4] Although plaintiff's inclusion of the lien-foreclosure claim in plaintiff's complaint and first amended complaint was premature under M.C.L. § 570.1110(8), the trial court could have allowed plaintiff to amend the complaint to include the lien-foreclosure claim after the verified sworn statement was delivered to defendants, but before the summary-disposition motion was heard. Because the claim was properly before the trial court when the summary disposition motion was heard, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying defendants' motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8). We further hold that because there were genuine issues of material fact regarding whether defendants requested a sworn statement from plaintiff at an earlier date, summary disposition was properly denied under MCR 2.116(C)(10).
Defendants next contend that the trial court erred by dismissing their counterclaim for breach of contract without evaluating whether plaintiff's failure to provide accountings to them was a material breach. Again, we disagree. This Court reviews a trial court's findings of fact in a bench trial for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. MCR 2.613 (C); Chapdelaine v. Sochocki, 247 Mich.App. 167, 169, 635 N.W.2d 339 (2001). A finding is clearly erroneous where, after reviewing the entire record, this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Walters v. Snyder, 239 Mich.App. 453, 456, 608 N.W.2d 97 (2000).
A careful reading of the trial court's findings indicates that the court did not find it necessary to decide whether plaintiff materially breached the contract before defendants locked plaintiff out, because defendants did not prove any damages from plaintiff's alleged breach. The party asserting a breach of contract has the burden of proving its damages with reasonable certainty, and may recover only those damages that are the direct, natural, and proximate result of the breach. In re F Yeager Bridge Culvert Co., 150 Mich.App. 386, 401, 389 N.W.2d 99 (1986). Here, the trial court found that plaintiff did not cause defendants' damages, i.e., the cost of completing the project, because plaintiff would have completed the project had defendants not locked plaintiff out, and defendants would have had to pay plaintiff the cost of completion. Therefore, defendants' counterclaim for breach of contract was properly dismissed.
Defendants also argue that the trial court clearly erred in upholding plaintiff's claim of lien where the claim was excessive and made in bad faith. However, this issue was not addressed by the trial court and is not properly before this Court. Fast Air, Inc. v. Knight, 235 Mich.App. 541, 549, 599 N.W.2d 489 (1999). Regardless, no bad faith is evident from the record, and the trial court reduced to the proper amount the lien-claim amount in excess of the actual damages. Tempo, Inc. v. Rapid Electric Sales Service, Inc., 132 Mich.App. 93, 104, 347 N.W.2d 728 (1984). Therefore, defendants' argument is without merit.
*384 Finally, defendants claim the trial court erred by not restricting the amount of the lien claim to the difference between the original price in the written contract and the amount defendants actually paid plaintiff. In connection with that argument, defendants also claim that the trial court erroneously awarded plaintiff damages for "extras" not included in the contract. We disagree. This Court reviews the trial court's determination of damages following a bench trial for clear error. Marshall Lasser, PC v. George, 252 Mich.App. 104, 110, 651 N.W.2d 158 (2002).
Defendants rely on M.C.L. § 570.1107 and M.C.L. § 570.1114 to support their argument that plaintiff's claim of lien is restricted to the difference between the written-contract price and the amount defendants already paid plaintiff. MCL 570.1107 states, in pertinent part:
(1) Each contractor, subcontractor, supplier, or laborer who provides an improvement to real property shall have a construction lien upon the interest of the owner or lessee who contracted for the improvement to the real property, as described in the notice of commencement provided for by section 108 or 108a, the interest of an owner who has subordinated his or her interest to the mortgage for the improvement of the real property, and the interest of an owner who has required the improvement. A construction lien acquired pursuant to this act shall not exceed the amount of the lien claimant's contract less payments made on the contract. [Emphasis added.]
MCL 570.1114 states, in pertinent part:
A contractor shall not have a right to a construction lien upon the interest of any owner or lessee in a residential structure unless the contractor has provided an improvement to the residential structure pursuant to a written contract between the owner or lessee and the contractor and any amendments or additions to the contract also shall be in writing. [Emphasis added.]
The reference in M.C.L. § 570.1114 to a written-contract requirement regarding liens on residential structures is contrary to the CLA's broad definition of contract.[5] In interpreting the term "written contract" in M.C.L. § 570.1114, we are guided by the following principles. Omission of a phrase in one portion of a statute that is included in another should be construed as intentional. Farrington v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 442 Mich. 201, 210, 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993). Also, this Court assumes that every word used in a statute has meaning, and, therefore, this Court must avoid any construction which would render a statute or any part of it surplusage or nugatory. Hoste v. Shanty Creek Mgt., Inc., 459 Mich. 561, 574, 592 N.W.2d 360 (1999). Therefore, we conclude that the term "written contract" in M.C.L. § 570.1114 must be strictly construed.
Furthermore, as plaintiff points out, the requirement of a written contract, and written amendments thereto, in M.C.L. § 570.1114 does not include a signature requirement. Plaintiff submitted written change orders and statements to defendants documenting the orally agreed to contract amendments. Defendants did not object to these changes and accepted their benefits. Therefore, the requirement of a writing for additions and amendments to a written contract was fulfilled.
*385 Defendants also assert that their contract with plaintiff required that any modifications be in writing and executed by all the parties. The contract stated:
It is further agreed that this agreement and any written amendments or addenda attached hereto contain all the representations and obligations of the respective parties and any modifications or changes herein shall be made in writing and executed by all the parties to this agreement otherwise the same shall not be binding upon the other party hereto.
But the addendum to the contract, executed at the same time as the contract, stated, "[i]f the actual cost of any individual line item(s) shall exceed the estimate provided on this list by Seller, these additional costs shall be the sole responsibility of the purchaser." Defendants do not dispute that many of the cost overruns were due to their choice of fixtures and changes in design. Therefore, the written addendum, executed by both parties at the same time as the original contract, obligated defendants to pay for the expenses over the allowances estimated by plaintiff. Accordingly, plaintiff's claim of lien was supported by a written contract, as required by M.C.L. § 570.1114. Further, because the lien-award amount was not in excess of the difference between the amended contract price and the amount defendants already paid plaintiff, it complied with M.C.L. § 570.1107.
In addition, we hold that the award of $17,000 for "extras" was not clearly erroneous inasmuch as the trial court indicated that it had "considered all the evidence relating to those `extras'" and "determined that the preponderance of the evidence supports the balance of $17,000 worth of `extras' after credits to defendants." It appears that the trial court "was aware of the issues in the case and correctly applied the law." Triple E Produce Corp. v. Mastronardi Produce, Ltd., 209 Mich.App. 165, 176, 530 N.W.2d 772 (1995). Further, because plaintiff claimed $28,095 in "extras," and defendants claimed that all the "extras" were included in the original contract price, the damage award was within the range of the evidence presented. Id. at 177, 530 N.W.2d 772.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] A cost-plus construction contract is "[o]ne which fixes the amount to be paid the contractor on a basis, generally, of the cost of the material and labor, plus an agreed percentage thereof as profits. Such contracts are used when costs of production or construction are unknown or difficult to ascertain in advance." Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed).
[2] The "substantial compliance" provision of the CLA, M.C.L. § 570.1302(1), states:
This act is declared to be a remedial statute, and shall be liberally construed to secure the beneficial results, intents, and purposes of this act. Substantial compliance with the provisions of this act shall be sufficient for the validity of the construction liens provided for in this act, and to give jurisdiction to the court to enforce them.
[3] We note that defendants' motion for summary disposition was filed one month before plaintiff delivered the sworn statement to defendants, but that the motion hearing was held three months after the sworn statement was delivered.
[4] MCL 570.1302(2) states, "[t]his act shall not be construed to prevent a lien claimant from maintaining a separate action on a contract."
[5] MCL 570.1103(4) states:
"Contract" means a contract, of whatever nature, for the providing of improvements to real property, including any and all additions to, deletions from, and amendments to the contract.
