Alabama & Vicksburg Railway Co. v. Morris

Cook, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

Appellee procured a ticket from appellant railway company which entitled her to passage on appellant’s railway from Vicksburg to Meridian (both points within this state), and from the latter place, over the lines of connecting carriers, to the city of New York. In addition to the railway tickеt, appellee purchased from the agent of appellant a sleeping car check entitling her to a berth on the Pullman car attached to and forming a part of appellant’s train.

"When appellee boarded the train at. Vicksburg, she discovered as her fellow passengers threе men of the negro race, and protested to the employees of appellant on the train that she or the negroes be assigned to another coach. This demand was refused, or ignored, and appellee was forced, if she occupied a sleeper at all, to retire to her bеrth in the same car with the berths occupied by the’ negro passengers. She claimed to'have' suffered much distress of mind .and body, the result of being forced to occupy the same sleeping apartment's used by men of a different race. The jury, composed of men in entire sympathy with her, returned a verdict in her favor for fifteen thousand dollars.

It is to be observed that appellee was a passenger upon a train forming one of the instrumentalities of commerce between the states; that she was taken up in this state to be carried without the state, and, indeed, across several state, to her destination, under the contract of carriage.

It is admitted that there was but a single Pullman car attached to the train; and that no arrangement of this ear had been made for the separation of passengers of the different races.

"We do not believe that the fact that appellant is a Mississippi corporatiоn, with its termini within the territorial limits of the state, can change the status of the carrier and ‍​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‍the passenger, and affect the question presented by the record.

The first point made by appellant, that our statute (Code 1906, sections 1351 and 4059), was not intended to be applied to sleeping cars, it is believed, is without merit; and that the law is applicable to all cars composing the trains of common carriers doing business in this state. The statute contemplates that equal and separate accommodations should be provided for both races. It was the purpose of the Legislature to separate the races, for entirely obvious reasons and also to provide for the fair and equal treatment of the members .of each race.

Again, it is insisted, since the supreme court of Mississippi and the Supreme Court of the United States have decided that the so-called “Jim Crow Act” has no application to interstate businеss, it is immaterial how the general question here involved may have been decided elsewhere, citing L., N. O. & T. Ry. Co. v. State, 66 Miss. 662, 6 South. 203, 5 L. R. A. 132, 14 Am. St. Rep. 599; L., N. O. & T. Ry. Co. v. Mississippi, 133 U. S. 587, 10 Sup. Ct. 348, 33 L. Ed. 784.

In our opinion, neither of the decisions support the position assumed by appellant. Both courts, in the cases cited, were construing section 1 of the act then under review, requiring separate accommodations for the races to be provided upon trains within the state, upon demurrer to an indictment against the railway company for a violation of that section, “and not for failing to assign to such separate ear or compartment interstate travelers upon appellant’s trains. We arе not, therefore, called upon to determine whether the legislation in question would be valid if applied to persons other than those taken up within the state to be set down within it. Confining ourselves to the question necessarily involved, it being also the distinct issue presented by the plea of the company, the inquiry is whether the state is precluded from requiring separate accommodations for purely domestic travelers of different races, because to furnish the same would impose a burden upon the carrier,, or because the requirement affects interstate travel upon the trains of the company.” The quоtation is from the opinion of the court of this state. 66 Miss. 672, 6 South. 204, 5 L. R. A. 132, 14 Am. St. Rep. 599.

The Supreme Court of the United States, reviewing the case decided by this court, limited itself to an affirmance of the validity of the statute as interpreted by the courts of Mississippi. The act then considered required all common carriers of passengers operating in this state to .provide on their trains separate accommodations for the white and colored races. The railroad company was indicted for an alleged violation of the act, and filed a special plea to the indictment, whereby it set up, in defense of its failure to providе separate accommodations, the fact that it was engaged in the interstate traffic of carrying passengers from places wdthout the state to points within the state, and across the state and into other states. It was the position of the company in that case that they carried intrastate passengers only upon trains engaged in commerce between the states, and that to obey the law would entail a great expense, and hinder, delay, and obstruct it in making its interstate connections with other carriers of passengers. The state demurred to the plea, and the demurrer was sustained by the trial court, and this judgment of the trial court was affirmed, both by the supreme court of the state and the Supreme Court of the United States.

While both courts merely decided that the act in question, as applicable to intrastate traffic, was ‍​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‍valid, it was not decided that it would be invalid if it was made applicable to interstate traffic.

We do not think the question presented by the record in the present case was involved'in L., N. O. & T. Ry, Co. v. State, except to the extent that a decision of that case, under the issues raised by the pleading, necessarily settled that a railroad company was compelled to obey the statute laws requiring them to carry sufficient equipment, even on interstate trains, to provide for the separate accommodation of the races. This was the precise point raised by.the plea. The ultimate decision of the Supreme Court of the United States settled that point in favor of the jurisdiction of the state, in so far as intrastate traffic was concerned; but upon the question here involved the decision of the supreme judicial tribunal, of the nation is silent.

In Chiles v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co., 218 U. S. 71, 30 Sup. Ct. 667, 54 L. Ed. 936, 20 Ann. Cas. 980, the court decided that a railway company engaged in interstate commerce, in the absence of congressional legislation, could, by the force of self-adopted rules and regulations, compel the interstate negro passenger to occupy á coach set apart for the accommodation of colored persons alone. No question of the power of the state to accomplish the same end by statute was before the сourt, as the defense interposed by the company was its own regulations, and not the statutes of Kentucky.

• In Hall v. De Cuir, 95 U. S. 485, 24 L. Ed. 547, the court decided precisely the same question as was subsequently before the court in Chiles v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co., supra. There was this difference, however, in the facts of the two cases: The interstate carrier in the De Cuir case was a steamboat engaged in traffic on the waters of the Mississippi river, and was licensed to do a coasting trade, and registered under the laws of Congress of the United States. A negro interstate passenger demanded her rights, guaranteed by the laws of Louisiana, which reserved to negro passengers and to white passengers the privilege of being assigned to the same cabins on the boat. In that case the negro passenger declined to occupy cabins assigned to negroes. Preferring to associate with white folk, she asked to be put in the cabins occupied by persons of that race. There are, of course, persons who prefer to mingle with persons of a different ‍​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‍race, even, against the will of that race, but, happily, this class is' negligible in number; but we find two of the class figuring in the decisions of the state and national courts.

In Stone v. Yazoo, etc., R. R. Co., 62 Miss. 635 (52 Am. Rep. 193), commenting on the De Cuir case, Campbell, C. J., made the following observations: “The statute оf Louisiana requiring common carriers of passengers to give all persons traveling in that state, upon the public conveyance employed in such business, equal rights '¿nd privileges in all parts of the conveyance, without discrimination or distinction on account of race or color, was held to be a regulation of commerce and void, even within the state, so far as it affected vessels plying the waters of the Mississippi fiver between different states-. The reason was the steamboat was enrolled and licensed under the laws of the United States and engaged as a regular packet between different statеs upon the navigablae waters of the United States. The vessel was, in a sense, an institution of the United States, deriving its right to pursue its business from the United States and navigating the national highway common to all and not the property of private persons, or deriving its existence from a state. As Congress had regulated the business by prоviding for licensing, vessels and leaving the license free and untrammeled as to. the accommodations, of passengers, and by the common law it pertains to the business of a common carrier to make reasonable and suitable regulations as regards passengers, it -was held that Louisiana had no right to add а requirement not imposed by Congress, which in regulating the matter had left the common law in force as to this.”

It would serve no good purpose to review the several cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, and cited in support of the contention of appellant, as we •believe no case can be found decisive of the precise question raised in the instant case. The cases most nearly approaching the subject have been analyzed, and, in our opinion, none of them have pronounced a state statute, similar to our own, an invasion of the national authority to regulаte and control commerce between the states, should it be interpeted to mean that the statute applies to interstate travelers aboard trains forming a part of a chain of carriers engaged -in the business of transporting passengers taken up within the state for carriage to a point without the state. This is exactly the question involved in this case, and such a passenger is claiming damages because negro passengers were assigned to the same Pullman car to which she was assigned, and which she was compelled to occupy, or retire to one of the day coaches attachеd to the train; there being’ no sleeping car other than the one occupied by the negroes.

We find ourselves unable to reach the conclusion that the legislature intended to limit the application of the statute to that portion of the train given over to the accommodation of intrastatе passengers. To so hold would be to disregard the reason which underlies this legislation.

The legislature, in the exercise of its power to police the highwa3s of commerce running through the state, enacted the statute in question to promote the peace, comfort, and general welfare of the public.

The statute was not enacted with any idea of discriminating against the members of either race; nor was it prompted by prejudice or passion, but with the knowledge that the enforced intermingling ‍​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‍of the races would be distasteful to both races, would inevitably result in discomfort to both, and provoke and encourаge conflicts endangering the peace and quiet of the .commonwealth.

True the application of the statute to interstate trains necessarily imposes an additional expense upon the carrier. This carrier would be required to provide another Pullman, or to divide the one used into seрarate compartments; but it has been decided time and again that merely an additional expenditure of money will not render a statute so requiring susceptible to criticism.

This statute has been upon our books for many years, and has caused no complaint or criticism from the inhabitants of the state. The two races here accept tfye law as a wise and necessary exercise of the police power of the state for the protection of members of both races. No greater punishment could be inflicted upon the average negro traveler than being obliged to sit in the coach set apart for whites, and our colored fellow citizens would be the first to oppose a repeal of the statute.

A riot upon an interstate train growing out of the refusal of common carriers to recognize a situation known to every Mississippian — black and white — would endanger the lives and disturb the peaсe of all persons passengers on the train, intrastate and interstate; and we therefore decline to limit the application of the statute to intrastate commerce. Possessing the knowledge of local conditions common to all residents of our section, we confess some surprise that thеre was no sequel to the event described by the record.

The ultimate settlement of the question rests with the Supreme Court of the United States; and, until that great court decides against the validity of the statute as construed by us, we feel impelled to adhere to our belief that the law is not only beyond criticism from a cоnstitutional standpoint, but is also a reasonable and wise exercise 'of the police power of the state.

One more observation: If we should hold that the statute is inapplicable to interstate travelers, it seems to us that necessarily it must be condemned altogether, as ‍​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‍the theory upon which its wisdom and justice rests will thus be declared fanciful and without foundation in fact. If the peculiar conditions existing here demanded this legislation to conserve the peace of the state, and our lawmakers have so decided, the mere fact that the passenger is going out of the state, coming into the state from without, or traveling across the state, does not alter the complexion of affairs, nor render the danger less, should a negro or white man be required, against his will, to occupy a car with passengers of another race. a

Bach section of our common country has its own problems, and the laws of onе state may not be necessary in another state; and that a law found to be necessary in our state should be assailed by a corporation created by the state may account for the amount of the verdict in this case. The statute in question, rather than burdening the carrier, is an aid to the peacеful operation of its business; and we have no doubt that its overthrow would create intolerable conditions, from which the railway company would be the first and greatest sufferer.

The verdict of the. jury is grossly excessive, but if appellee will remit all except two thousand dollars the case will be affirmed; otherwise it will be reversed, with instructions to the trial court to retry the question of damages alone.

Affirmed with directions.

Case Details

Case Name: Alabama & Vicksburg Railway Co. v. Morris

Court Name: Mississippi Supreme Court

Date Published: Oct 15, 1912

Citation: 60 So. 11

Court Abbreviation: Miss.