73 So. 205 | Ala. Ct. App. | 1916
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] Action by Charles Baladoni against the Alabama Fuel Iron Company. From judgment for plaintiff, defendant appeals. Affirmed.
The facts sufficiently appear. The following are the assignments of error relative to evidence:
(9) In overruling defendant's objection to the following question asked the witness Marko Pilata: "Ask her if Self said anything to her when he passed her house."
(10) Answer to such question: "He asked her if the men were in the house, and she said, No."
(11) Overruling defendant's objection to the following question, asked the witness Marie Baladoni: "Ask her what, if anything. Self said at the time he rode on his horse and shot the dog." *318
(12) Overruling objection to the following question asked the same witness: "Ask her what company they were working for where they were."
(13) Overruling defendant's objection to the following question to the witness Charles Baladoni II: "Ask him how much he owes for doctor's bills."
(14) Overruling objection to the following question to same witness: "Ask him what else he saw him do up there besides rent houses."
The following charges were refused to defendant:
(18) The fact, if it be a fact, that Self, under his employment by defendant, met trains to see men would not justify any inference from you that he had authority to shoot the dog.
(19) The fact, if it be a fact, that Mr. Self had authority to see and ask if men had gone to work would not justify any inference from you that he had authority to shoot the dog.
(20) If there is no evidence before you as to the duties of a peace officer in reference to killing dogs, then I charge you that you can't speculate or infer, in the absence of such evidence, that such officer would have the authority on behalf of his employer to kill such dog.
(21) I charge you that under the evidence, if you should believe such evidence, the killing of the dog was not unlawful.
(22) There is no evidence that will justify in this case any verdict in favor of plaintiff for loss of services of his wife.
(16) The court charges the jury that if you believe from the evidence that Self was an agent of defendant and stopped at plaintiff's house and asked plaintiff's wife if the men were at work, and plaintiff's wife stated that they were, and this was all that occurred between them, and Mr. Self then turned and shot the dog, and the dog at this time was not in any way interfering, or attempting to interfere, with Self, then I charge you that plaintiff would not be entitled to recover in this case. Appellee (plaintiff below) brought this action on the case to recover for the loss of the services of his wife, occasioned by the alleged negligence of appellant. The right of recovery is appropriately challenged; appellant's chief contention *319 being that the damages in question were the result of a fright, and were not recoverable. Defendant introduced no testimony, and its version of the circumstances of the case are to be had only from its answers to interrogatories propounded to it under the statute, and which were introduced by the plaintiff. From these, it appears, the defendant's version of the matter was widely variant from that of the eyewitnesses of the plaintiff, which was accepted by the jury as the basis of its verdict. Briefly stated, the plaintiff's testimony was about as follows: Appellee was a miner, working for defendant at Margaret, a mining camp or village; there he rented a house from the defendant for himself and family, consisting of his wife, Marie, and a five-year-old daughter. One Self was employed by the company, who was charged with the duty of policing or keeping order in and about the camp, and also that of renting the houses. On the day of the wrong complained of, Self rode up to the home of appellee and inquired of his wife if he had gone to his work. While seated on his horse talking to the wife, who was then on the porch of her house a few feet away, Self shot the dog of appellee. According to the testimony of the two eyewitnesses — the wife and her next door neighbor — the dog and appellee's little girl were, at the time of the shooting, but a few feet apart, and both within a few feet of the steps to the porch where appellee's wife was. Self was then also but a few feet away from the dog, but further from it than he was from the child. The wife was enceinte, the allegation of the complaint being that she was far gone in pregnancy. The shooting of the dog, under the circumstances of its occurrence, so unnerved and upset the wife that she took to her bed, and the following day had a miscarriage. From this, it is alleged, she has never fully recovered, and is still unable to attend to her household duties; she was confined to a hospital three months, and appellee, besides losing the society of his wife, incurred and paid out upwards of $400 in and about her medical treatment.
Counsel for appellant, following a long line of decisions to that effect, earnestly insist that damages for injuries superinduced by fright are not recoverable. It may be justly said that the decisions on this subject, both English and American, and particularly the latter, are in irreconcilable confusion.
(1) Counsel respectfully insist that this court fell into "grave error" in promulgating the doctrine announced in the case of Spearman v. McCrary,
The authorities holding that such damages may not be recovered may be summarized as grounding their opinions on the following reasons: (1) It is argued that since there can be no recovery for fright alone, it must necessarily follow that there can be no recovery for the consequences of fright; (2) that physical injury resulting from fright caused by negligence is not the proximate result of the negligence; and (3) that on the ground of expediency or public policy, recovery should be denied because of the danger of opening the door to fictitious litigation, easily similated, and the impossibility of estimating the damages.
(2, 3) Assuming the facts to be as testified by the eyewitnesses, it cannot be contended that in shooting the dog on appellee's premises, and under the conditions and circumstances above set out, Self personally did not breach a duty owing to both the appellee and his wife. Pretermitting for the time any question of scope of agency, the question turns upon the remoteness and speculativeness of the damages. To say that, "since there can be no recovery for fright alone, it must necessarily follow that there can be no recovery for the consequences of fright" is plainly a non sequitur. Damages, when confined to fright alone, is dealing with a meta-physical, as contradistinguished from a physical, condition, with something subjective instead of objective, and entirely within the realm of speculation. So the damages suffered where the only manifestation is fright are too subtle and speculative to be capable of admeasurement by any standard known to the law; but when the damages are physical and objective as consequent upon the physical pain and incapacity manifested by and ensuing upon a miscarriage, the damages are quite as capable of being measured by a jury as if they had ensued from an impact or blow. Then the question recurs upon the second reason of the decisions above, to-wit: Are the damages *321
the proximate result of the negligence or of the fright? The primary cause is none the less the proximate cause because it happens to operate through successive instrumentalities; that is to say, where the injury naturally and probably ensues in unbroken sequence, uninfluenced or uncontrolled by an independent, intervening efficient cause, the injury is referred to the primary as the proximate cause. Here the firing of the pistol caused the fright, and the fright in turn so operated upon the nervous or physical system as to cause the miscarriage and injury, and the fright was but a link in the chain of causation, the injury being referred to the negligent act as the causa causans, setting in motion the agencies ultimating in the injury. See Armstrong v. Montgomery,
The doctrine of expediency or public policy — the third reason upon which some of the decisions above referred to are rested — is a doctrine that should be very sparingly and cautiously employed, for if a person's rights have been unlawfully invaded, it would ill become a court of justice to withhold its remedy on the ground of expediency. It may be that physical injuries springing out of fright are easily simulated and relief granted in such instances would open the door to fraud and imposture; but this is a matter involving the proof of the case and is addressed rather to the good sense and honesty of purpose of our juries than to the courts. *322
In the case of Engle v. Simmons,
Again in Engle v. Simmons, supra, our Supreme Court quotes with approval from Brownback v. Frailey,
In the case of Louisville Nashville R. R. Co. v. Melton,
Consonant with the foregoing views may be cited Purcell v.St. Paul City R. Co.,
As said above, numerous authorities hold contrary to the views herein expressed; many of them will be found collated in the following authorities: Gulf, C. S. F. Ry. Co. v. Hayter,
Counsel insist, however, that it is not shown that the damages proximately flowed from any tort directed against the wife; but, on the contrary, her fright was purely vicarious suffering in her anxiety for the child. We cannot agree with this view. The wife was in her home, and had a right to the peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment thereof; and the negligent demeanor of Self in firing his pistol at the dog, especially in view of her then condition, was liable to inflict physical injury upon her as well mayhap the child. Speaking to this point, Judge Cooley observes: "But if there may be a recovery for physical injuries resulting from fright wrongfully caused by the defendant, it would seem that an assault committed in view of a [pregnant] woman whose presence is known, especially upon a member of her family, was an act of negligence towards the woman, a failure to exercise the due care towards her which the occasion and circumstances required, and was therefore a legal wrong against her which will *324 support an action, if damage follows." — 1 Cooley on Torts (3d Ed.) 98.
And in support of the text Judge Cooley cites Hill v.Kimball, supra, cited with approval in Engle v. Simmons, supra.
See, also, Watson v. Dilts,
We do not think prejudicial error is shown in any of the several exceptions relating to the admission of testimony (assignments 9 to 14, inclusive).
The written requests to charge are not numbered in the transcript, making comparison or cross-reference from refused to given charges awkward. Requests embraced in assignments of error Nos. 15 and 17 were properly refused in the state of the evidence, and, in view of what we have said above, being requests for the general affirmative charge.
(5) Request embraced in assignment No. 16 was properly refused, as it pretermitted consideration as to whether Self was acting in the line and scope of his authority as one charged with the duty of keeping order or policing the camp.
(6-9) Requests embraced in assignments Nos. 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 were properly refused as invasive of the province of the jury; besides, of these, Nos. 18, 19, and 20 were argumentative, and 18 and 19 were further vicious, in that they singled out testimony. Moreover, No. 18 was substantially covered by an unnumbered given charge — the second from the bottom of page 5 of the transcript — and likewise No. 19 was substantially duplicated in a given charge on page 5 of transcript, being the third from the bottom of the page.
(10, 11) The charge given at the instance of the plaintiff, embraced in assignment No. 23, was properly given. The correctness of the conclusion of the jury as to whether the servant, in shooting the dog, was acting within the line and scope of his employment, or stepped outside thereof for purposes of his own, is not before us, in the absence of a motion for a new trial. Suffice it to say, the question of the scope of the servant's employment presented a mixed question of law and fact; and, being submitted to the jury under proper instruction from the court and upon given written charges, this issue of fact was determined adversely to appellant. We remark here that the master's liability was not affected by the fact that the servant charged with the duty of keeping order was also commissioned as a deputy *325 sheriff. — 20 Am. Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.) 177 (6), and cases in note 3; 26 Cyc. 1521 (111).
We find no reversible error, and the judgment of the court below is accordingly affirmed.
Affirmed.
