34 N.Y.S. 1073 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1895
Lead Opinion
The decision of the learned judge who heard this case at the special term is that “the court has found that such consents were granted by the common council of the city fraudulently, and as a matter of favor to the defendant companies, and for a less sum than could be secured for them in the exercise of reasonable diligence.” There is no allegation in the complaint that the aider-men were corrupt, or that the consents were the product of corruption; and the learned counsel for the plaintiff upon the argument expressly disavowed any claim to uphold the judgment upon that ground. An examination of the complaint and the testimony shows that the theory upon which the action was tried and decided was that the granting of the consents to the defendant companies “for a
The opinion states the two propositions of fact essential to be established by the plaintiff were “(1) that the franchises were granted for a less sum than could be obtained from a competing company; |2) that such franchises were given in bad faith, and as a matter of favoritism to the defendant companies.” It is evident from the opinion delivered at special term and from the argument of counsel for the plaintiff that the decision was based upon the case of Adamson v. Union R. R. Co., 74 Hun, 3, 23 N. Y. Supp. 136. That case may stand as an authority for the interference of the courts with municipal affairs upon the precise facts there existing, but if it is to be deemed an authority that the courts may, in a taxpayer’s action, restrain the execution of ordinances and laws passed by municipal authorities in matters committed by the constitution of the state to their judgment and discretion, it is in conflict with well-settled principles of law, and I shall in this opinion endeavor to show that the act of the municipal authorities of the city in granting the consent to the defendant companies violated no provision of law and was a valid exercise of power, and, being legislative in its character, is not
In Talcott v. City of Buffalo, 125 N. Y. 280, 26 N. E. 263, the court said:
“We have referred to the origin of this statute under which the action is brought, the title of the act of 1872, and the language used by the legislature subsequently, when re-enacting it in 1881 and 1887, for the purpose of ascertaining whether it was intended to authorize a taxpayer to maintain an action against the members of the common council in a city, and the administrative officers thereof, for the purpose of restraining officials acting within the limits and scope of their powers and discretion, such as is alleged in the complaint in this action, and we are of the opinion that it was not. Full force and effect can be given to the statute by confining it to a case where the acts complained of are without power, or where corruption, fraud, or bad faith, amounting to fraud, is charged.”
And in Ziegler v. Chapin, 126 N. Y. 342, 27 N. E. 471, it was again said:
“We have quite recently declined to become arbitrators between taxpayers and their municipal officers in every instance of disagreeing opinions or conflicting judgments, and have decided that, jurisdiction in the officials existing, the courts can interfere in actions like that before us only where some fraud or collusion or bad faith is alleged and proved.”
In Talcott’s Case, the acts sought to be enjoined were within tht power and discretion of the common council, but were not charged to have been corrupt or dishonest. A demurrer to the complaint was sustained, and the suit dismissed. In Ziegler’s Case an injunction was sustained on the sole ground that the contract entered into by the city officials was illegal and void.
The decisions in the cases cited followed logically the rule that in the review of a legislative act the courts are confined to the consideration solely of the question of power. In People v. Draper, 15 N. Y. 533, after referring to the constitutional restraints upon legislation, Judge Denio said:
“If a particular act of legislation does not conflict with any of the limitations or restraints which have been referred to, it is not in the power of the courts to arrest its execution, however unwise its provisions may be, or whatever the motive may have been which led to its enactment.”
In People v. Flagg, 46 N. Y. 401, in speaking of the power of the courts to correct legislative abuses, Chief Judge Church said:
“But when power is conceded, we have no right to inquire into the motive or reason for doing a particular act.”
Such is the universal rule arising out of the form of our government, and settled by a long line of authorities, and it is fully applicable to the review of acts of municipal corporations done in the exercise of governmental powers. Judge Cooley, in ,his work on Constitutional Limitations (page 209), says:
“And the same presumption, that legislative action has been devised and adopted on adequate information and under the influence of correct motives,*1076 will be applied to the discretionary action o£ municipal bodies and o£ the state legislature, and will preclude, in the one case as in the other, all collateral attack.”
And in Milhau v. Sharp, 15 Barb. 213, in speaking of the power of the common council of the city of New York, it was said:
“As far as it acts in the exercise of its public political powers and within the limits of its charter, it is vested with the largest discretion; and whether its laws are wise or unwise, whether they are passed from good or bad motives, it is not the power of this court to inquire.”
That in granting the assents to the defendant companies the mayor and common council were exercising a legislative power is too plain to require argument. The power to grant or withhold consent to the construction of a street railroad does not emanate from the legislature, but is devolved upon the municipal authorities by the constitution. The provision of the constitution is a restriction upon the legislature, and forbids the enactment of any law authorizing the construction or operation of a street railroad, except upon the consent of the local authorities having control of the street or highway upon which it is proposed to construct the road, or, in lieu thereof, the determination of commissioners appointed by the general term that such railroad ought to be constructed and operated. The power thus given is governmental, and to the extent that it is held and exercised the local authorities are clothed with sovereignty, and are as independent in its exercise as is any other department of the government; and, in my judgment, the court can no more inquire into the motives which governed or controlled the lawful exercise' of the power than it could inquire into the motives which induce the governor to give his assent to an act of the state legislature. The only question, therefore, which the court was permitted to investigate and decide in this case was whether the granting of the consents to the defendant companies was a legal act. As I have already pointed out, the plaintiff alleged it to be illegal, and this assertion was founded upon the allegations (1) that the power to make such grant was a part of the property of the city, and (2) that it could only be awarded to the person offering the highest price therefor. Whether the right to grant consent to the use of the streets can be deemed the property of the city within the meaning of the acts of the legislature authorizing taxpayers’ actions would seem not to be a very pertinent inquiry in view* of the constitutional provision empowering the common council to do the very thing complained of. But the contention that the right to grant the consent to operate a street railroad is property of the city cannot, I think, be sustained. The law is quite well settled that a municipal corporation has no private estate or interest in the public streets within its borders. While it is said to hold the title to the bed of the streets, its title is that of a trustee for the people of the whole state. This was expressly decided in People v. Kerr, 27 N. Y. 188, it being there said by Judge Wright that the trust of the city was public! juris, held, not for the benefit of the people of the city alone, but for the people of the whole state, as the agent of the state, and a part of its governmental
“This is a trust for the benefit of the public; not of the adjacent proprietors, nor of the inhabitants or citizens of New York alone, but of the whole people. * * » The title thus vested is as directly under the power and control of the legislature for any public purpose as any property held by the state, or by any public body or officer; and its application cannot be changed by a corporation which, in respect to such property, at least, zs a mere agent of the sovereign power of the people.”
This rule has, since that case was decided, repeatedly been stated by the court of appeals. The absolute control of the streets, and the direction as to their use, is in the legislature. The constitutional provision which requires the consent of the local authorities to the construction and operation of a street railroad has not abridged this legislative power. It has only qualified or regulated it. The legislature may still grant the use of the streets subject only to the condition that the consent of the local authorities be obtained before the road is constructed or operated. The franchise proceeds from the legislature, and the consent of the local authorities is the performance of a condition without which the road cannot be constructed. In re Thirty-Fourth St. R. Co., 102 N. Y. 343, 7 N. E. 172. The city has no power to alienate or appropriate the city streets, and has no property rights therein; and the provision of the statute
We thus reach the question whether the common council was bound to grant the consents to the person offering the highest price therefor. The plaintiff strenuously insists that it was, and as one ground for declaring the consent void has referred us to a provision of the charter of the city, enacted in 1861, declaring it unlawful to grant the right to construct a street railroad except to the person who will agree to carry passengers on such railroad at the lowest rate of fare. We are of the opinion that this provision of the charter is superseded by the general railroad law (Laws 1890, c. 565), which declares that every railroad corporation has the power to construct its road across, along, or upon any highway which the route of its road shall intersect or touch, subject to the limitations and requirements of that chapter. That the legislature intended this act to do away with all provisions of local laws is, we think, very plain, and is especially made so by the amendment of section 92 by chapter 434, Laws 1893. The validity of a street-railroad franchise is, therefore, to be determined under the railroad law as limited by the provisions of the constitution heretofore referred to. There is no provision of the railroad law which requires that in the city of Brooklyn the right and privilege of using any street shall be sold to the highest bidder. The provision that such privilege shall be sold at public auction is now limited in its application to the city of New York. In the city of Brooklyn and other cities of
The testimony shows that all the proceedings before the common council were regular, and that no formality made requisite to its final action was omitted; and as the right to grant consent to construct a railroad in the streets of the city is not the property of the city, and the local authorities are not required to grant such consent to the highest bidder, the conclusion necessarily follows that the grant to the defendant companies was a valid exercise of legislative power, and as such is not within the province of judicial review. By the constitution and laws of the state the granting of the consents, and the terms upon which they should be given, were ■committed to the judgment and discretion of the mayor and common council of the city. In enacting the resolution complained of they exercised a part of the sovereign power of the people, and, as was said by one of the ablest judges of our state, however unwise their action, whatever the motive may have been which led to the passage of the resolution, the courts have no power to arrest its execution.
The judgment must be reversed, and the complaint dismissed, with costs.
PRATT, J., concurs.
Laws 1892, c. 301.
Concurrence Opinion
Municipal corporations are creatures of law, and clothed with powers and functions to be exercised for public welfare. In the extent of their powers and liabilities they differ materially from counties, towns, and other quasi corporations which are created for governmental purposes alone. The officers of such corporations are viewed as trustees of the state residing'within the territorial limits of the city. In respect to the public and governmental functions with which such corporations are clothed, they are vested and are to be exercised for public purposes. They are sovereign powers, to be exerted in the interests of the entire public. It would be a very narrow view of the powers and duties of municipal officers that would confine their exercise to the aggrandizement of the local treasury. Financial considerations are not alone to control in granting permission to prosecute the various enterprises conducted by individuals and private corporations within the municipality. In all such cases the welfare of the public must be considered, and in
“The terms ‘waste’ and ‘injury,’ used in this statute, comprehended only illegal, wrongful, or dishonest official acts, and were not intended to subject the official action of boards, officers, or municipal bodies acting within the limits of their jurisdiction and discretion, but which some taxpayer might conceive to be unwise, improvident, or based on errors of judgment, to the supervision of the judicial tribunals. It is believed that no action was ever maintained under this statute with the sanction of this court, without some proof or allegation that the official act or proceeding complained of was without power, or was tainted by corruption or fraud.”
The decision was that the provision of Code Civ. Proc. § 1925, authorizing an action by a taxpayer to prevent waste or injury to the property of a municipality, as supplemented by the subsequent statutes on the same subject, is confined to cases where the acts complained of are without power, or where corruption and power and bad faith amounting to fraud is charged. The word “waste” includes only illegal, wrongful, or dishonest illegal action. The constitution and the laws have delegated to the local authorities the control over the streets in the cities with authority to consent to their use for a surface railroad. The performance of their duties in that regard requires the exercise of judgment and discretion, and the presumption always is that their action has been prompted by correct motives. Municipal officers are not the agents of the city. They are public officers, clothed with certain powers for convenience of government; and interference with their action by the courts would be an invasion of their province, and amount only to a substitution of the judgment of the judges for that of the officers. The foregoing principles will aid us in our further progress in the examination of this appeal.
Turning now to the case before us, we find it to be a taxpayer’s suit under the several statutes mentioned. The defendants are two railroad companies to which franchises have been granted by the city of Brooklyn to construct and operate surface railroads over certain streets named in the petition. The city of Brooklyn and the mayor and aldermen of that city are also made parties defendant After
“Very much must be conceded by the courts, in a case of this character, to the judgment and discretion of the municipal authorities; and their action cannot be nullified simply upon the ground that the court thinks they should have afforded more opportunity to other companies to bid for their consent, or to give greater or more favorable consideratin to real bidders. The law does not afford an appeal from their decision;- In the absence of illegal or corrupt action, bad faith will justify interference by the courts only in a case where it amounts to fraudulent action; and in such cases the fraud must be shown to be productive of waste or injury to city property.”
When Judge Cullen heard the case before him on demurrer to the complaint, he said:
“The local authorities might deem that a road of a particular character would so much better subserve public interest than one of another character, that it would be wiser to grant consent to the first without compensation than to the second for compensation. I think, therefore, that the whole subject is within the power and discretion of the local authorities, if that power be exercised without fraud, to determine whether a consent shall be given to a particular company, and the reasons and considerations that shall dictate their course.”
The proof fails to bring the case up to the charge in the complaint.
On the 22d day of May, 1893, the two defendant railroad companies, which were associated together and with the Coney Island,
“There is before the common council an application of the Union Street Railroad Company for its consent to the construction of a street-surface railroad upon the same routes as those covered by the application of the Nassau Electric Railroad Company. These roads are understood to be proposed extensions of the main route of the Union Street Railroad Company’s road, designated in its certificate of incorporation as covering Union Street from Hamilton Ferry to Prospect Park Plaza. The routes of the Union Street Railroad Company do not extend beyond the city line, and in that respect do not afford the facilities for travel presented by the Nassau Electric Railroad Company. It is deemed worthy of mention that by far the greater part of the Union Street Railroad Company’s route consists in extensions of the road described in its articles of association, upon no part of which as yet a road has been built. Your committee is advised that there is grave doubt of the power of a railroad company to apply for or take a grant of a right to extend the route of an unconstructed railroad, and before an application for extension can effectually be made there must be an existing railroad to which such extensions will apply. If such be the law, a grant to the Union Street Railroad Company would be entirely inoperative, and the public would not realize from it any of the increased facilities for travel of which it stands in need. Upon the question of compensation for franchises, your committee-, after mature deliberation, has reached the conclusion that a graded percentage upon gross receipts is in harmony with the spirit of the statute relating to the subject, and will produce the largest revenue to the city and is favorable to the latter*1082 as a continuing source of incom.e, and, so far as concerns the railroad company, should not be regarded as burdensome, because the payment thus imposed would be measured by the earnings of the company.”
The report of the committee, and the resolution proposed by it and- adopted by the board, manifests a thorough and careful examination and acquaintance with the subject, and-.a proper consideration and regard for the interests of the city and the welfare ,of the public. This lengthy extract is made from the report to show that the whole subject was thoroughly considered, and also to manifest the reasons which actuated the aldermen in their action in respect to the bestowment of the franchises to the defendant companies, and refusing the request of the Union Company. We are not concerned with the refusal to grant the request of the Union' Company beyond its reflection upon the motives of the aldermen and the interests of the city, because no relief is sought in that respect. In regard to the motives of the aldermen, the doubt expressed respecting the validity of the grant to the Union Company for an extension of its route anterior to the construction of any portion of its road, and the fact that the route of the Union Company is covered by the other lines, and does not extend beyond the city limits, are proof of their sincerity and correctness. The very term “extension” implies the existence of something to be extended, such as a street or a field. Such were the views of Judge Earle, expressed in the case of People v. Railroad Co., 126 N. Y. 39, 26 N. E. 961, where he said:
“It cannot be properly said that a road is extended unless it is then existing to be extended. The very language implies that the road was to be built, and then, after the opening of the avenue mentioned, extended.”
But there are reasons why such a grant for extension would be nugatory beyond the mere signification of the term “extension.” The effect of filing an extension certificate, if valid, is to give the railroad company the same corporate capacity with reference to the extension to construct, maintain, and operate a railroad as that which it acquires by filing its articles with reference to its original route. Inasmuch, therefore, as the filing of the original articles does not give any corporate capacity whatever, unless certain conditions are performed in respect to the amount of the capital stock per mile, and the payment of at least 10 per cent, of the minimum capital, and evidence of a bona fide intent to build and operate the railroad, and the payment of one-eighth of 1 per cent, of the amount of stqck to the state, the statute authorizing the extension ought to be so construed as not to make it subversive to the general-policy of the railroad law, and as not to enable companies to accomplish indirectly what they could not accomplish directly otherwise than by compliance with the conditions prescribed by the statute. Moreover, as the route of the Union Company did not extend beyond the bounds of the city, its facilities for accommodating the public were limited, and less extensive than those of the other companies. Again, it is to be observed that the income, based upon the percentage of gross receipts, will be perpetual, and therefore more advantageous to the city than the sum offered by the Union Company. As there
“Under the statute as it noxv reads, I think the court has jurisdiction to enjoin the performance of an act by a public officer of the kind mentioned therein, if it be of such a character as to necessarily result in a plain, bald, useless waste of the property or funds of the public. The act must be such that there can be no fair question in the judgment of reasonable men as to its character." It must be plainly and beyond all fair controversy wasteful, a mere squandering of public funds.”
The proofs in this case leave it far below that requirement. The case has attracted much public attention, chiefly because it arose at a time when there was considerable excitement in the public mind. But the courts are beyond the voice of clamor, and must decide the law with serenity and independent of external strife or opinion.
The judgment should be reversed, with costs.