Adams v. StateAdams v. State
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Mobley
Thе Court of Appeals certified to this court for answer the following question: “Where the mother of a child under 18 years of age is awarded temporary custody of the child in a divorce and alimony proceeding filed by the mother of the child against the father of the child, is the father guilty of kidnapping the child under Code § 26-1602 if the jury trying him under an indictment under said Code section finds that he with force and arms fraudulently, maliciously and forcibly led, abducted, stole and carriеd away and enticed and carried away the child (alleged to have been kidnapped) from her mother, and against the will of the mother?” The answer is “no.”
Code
§ 26-1602 provides that: “Any person who shall forcibly, maliciously, or fraudulently lead, take, or carry away, or decoy or entice away, any child under the age of 18 years from its pаrent or guardian, or against his will, or without his consent, shall be guilty of kidnapping.” In the 1933 Annotated Code the word “parents” аppears. However, this is error, as the word is in the singular in the Official
Simply stated the question is, may a father be convicted under Code § 26-1602 of kidnapping his own child from the mother, where the mother has been awarded temporary custody of the child during the pendency of divorce and alimony proceedings?
Until majority, a child shall remain under the control of the father, but that parental power or control may be lost in any of the six ways enumerated in Code § 74-108. Wherе custody of a minor child is involved between parents, there is no prima facie right to the custody in the father, but thе court may award the child to that one Which will be for the best interests of the child. Code Ann. § 74-107. Pending application for divorce, the court may in its discretion award temporary custody of the child to either party or to a third pаrty. Code Ann. § 30-127.
As between the mother and father, where parental control has not been lost, and in the absence оf a decree of court awarding custody, the general rule is that a parent does not commit the crimе of kidnapping by taking exclusive control of the child. See 77 ALR 317 and cases cited.
On the question presented, there has been no lоss of parental control by the father, but there has been an award of temporary custody to the mother pending divorce proceedings. We do not believe that under the laws of this State an award of temporary custody to the mother pending divorce proceedings would be such a decree of court as wоuld serve as the basis for conviction of the father of kidnapping his own child from the mother. A decree awаrding temporary custody is a matter of discretion with the court. It is not an adjudication of the rights of the parties. Thе best interests of the child pending adjudication of the rights of the mother and father are the basis for the award. Thе parental rights of the parties are not adjudicated by the award of temporary custody. A temporary award of custody differs from a permanent award as the latter is a final adjudication of the rights of the parties on the existing facts, is res judicata, and is subject to change only upon a showing of change of conditiоns affecting the best interests of the
Even a permanent award of custody to one parent does not sever the parental relation between thе other parent and the child. “Under the Georgia law, such a decree awarding custody of the child to the mоther, but not purporting to sever the parental relation between the child and his father or to determine other rights as between them, would relate only to custody, and would not prevent the father from asserting his natural pаrental authority in case of a change of circumstances affecting the child’s interest.” McAlhany v. Allen, 195 Ga. 150 (2) (23 SE2d 676).
“A warrant against а father on a charge of kidnapping his own minor children, it not appearing that he had ever parted with his parental right to their custody, is a nullity.” Hunt v. Hunt, 94 Ga. 257 (1) (21 SE 515). The effect of an award of custody was not there involved. The natural rights of the father are not annulled by an award of custody in divorce proceedings but are only suspended for the time being and are revived in full force and effect upon the death of the parent to whom custody was awаrded. Girtman v. Girtman, 191 Ga. 173 (11 SE2d 782); Bridgman v. Elders, 213 Ga. 257 (98 SE2d 547).
The General Assembly in using the word “parent” in Code § 26-1602 referred to the father, who alone at the time of enactment in 1833 was vested With parental power and control over the child. With the emancipation of the wife, and modification of the exclusive pаrental control of the father, the word “parent” as used in § 26-1602 would include the wife. See Code § 50-121, where in controversies over custody of children, the common-law rule always vesting custody in the father was abolished.
While many jurisdictions in this сountry hold that a parent who abducts his child from the other parent who holds the child under a judgment of a court awarding custody is guilty of kidnapping, it is significant, we think, that the statutes relating to- abduction in many of those states broaden the class of persons protected to include not only a parent or guardian but any other person hаving lawful charge of such child. See 77 ALR 317 and cases cited.
Considering that, unlike a permanent award of custody, a
The question certified is answered in the negative.
All the Justices concur, except Candler, J., who dissents.