63 Mo. App. 639 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1895
This is an action to recover damages alleged to have accrued to the plaintiff in consequence of about this state of facts:
The undisputed evidence tends to prove that on the-day of -, 188 — , Lou W. Taylor and Eleanora Taylor, his wife, were the owners óf a certain tract of land and for the purpose of securing two promissory notes previously made by them, of one of which the defendant was the transferee and owner, by a certain instrument in writing duly acknowledged
It further appears that the only lawyer who represented Dixon and Hall in the ejectment suit was employed and paid by the Taylors.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the court by an instruction directed the jury that under the law and evidence their finding should be for defendant, and the plaintiff thereupon took a nonsuit, with leave to move
The question thus presented is: Is the defendant, under the undisputed facts as we have stated them to be, liable to the plaintiff for the rents received by Burkett of Dixon and Hall, after the commencement of the ejectment suit against them by the plaintiff, until the recovery of the premises? At common law, a recovery of rents and profits by way of damages in an ejectment suit was not authorized. Sedgwick & Wait on Trial of Title to Land, sec. 647; Tyler on Eject., see. 838. After recovery in ejectment, trespass for mesne rents and profits was the remedy. Sedgwick & Wait, supra, sec. 648; 6 Am. and Eng. Encyclopedia of Law, 245; Webster v. Stewart, 6 Iowa, 403.
In Hughes v. Carson, 90 Mo. 309, the petition alleged in substance that the plaintiffs therein sued the tenant in ejectment, demanding judgment for possession, damages, rents, and profits; that the defendant was not a party to the action, but that he resisted said suit by employing and paying counsel and otherwise managing and controlling the defense thereof; that the tenant was insolvent and that the plaintiffs had recovered possession- of the premises by virtue of their judgment in ejectment. “At common law,” says Sherwood, J., who delivered the opinion of the court, “such an action would lie against the landlord in fact who was in receipt of the rents and profits, or who resisted the recovery in the ejectment suit, although not a party to that suit,” citing: Woodfall’s Land, and Ten. 710; Tyler on Eject. 841; Shirac v. Reinecker, 11 Wheat. 280.
And suppose that such an action is still maintainable against the landlord, notwithstanding the present statutory provisions (secs. 1993, 4639, 4640,4641); did
A tenant is declared by the elementary writers on the law of landlord and tenant to be one who occupies the land or premises of another, in subordination to that other’s title, and with his assent express or implied; and that, in order to create the relations, the two elements must concur. Wood’s Landlord & Ten. sec. 1; Taylor’s Land. & Ten. sec. 14.
It is quite obvious that both of the elements essential to the existence of this relation, are wanting. It would be absurd to say that the relation existed between defendant and Dixon and Hall, or that the latter paid the former the rent. The defendant did not employ or pay counsel, nor did he in any way resist the ejectment suit of the plaintiff, unless it be that jointly signing with another, as sureties thereon, the appeal bond in that suit, constituted such resistance.
This case, on its facts, is clearly distinguishable from that class of cases so much relied upon by the plaintiff, in which it has been held that if a sheriff be a trespasser, the obligors in a bond given to indemnify him for making a levy on personal property will be liable as trespassers, at the suit of the property owner. Wetzell v. Waters, 18 Mo. 396; Allred v. Bray, 41 Mo.
The appeal bond was penal and to be void upon condition that the defendants in the ejectment judgment performed the same, or that given in the supreme court, and paid the damages and costs. It has never been held by any court, English or American, so far as we have been able to discover, that the mere act of becoming surety on an appeal bond of one against whom there is a judgment for trespass, renders such surety a trespasser equally with the principal who committed the trespass for which the judgment against him has been given. If such were the law, it would, in many cases, be. quite difficult indeed for a defendant against whom a judgment had been rendered in ejectment, or for a trespass, to give an appeal bond with solvent sureties thereon, for the reason that if the judgment appealed from should be reversed by the supervisory court and the cause remanded for further proceedings, there would be nothing to hinder the plaintiff from amending his petition making the surety on the appeal bond a party defendant, since by signing the appeal bond, he had assented to the trespass charged in the petition and so became equally liable with the defendant who actually committed the wrong. If the law were ever established that a party by becoming surety on an appeal bond subjected himself to such -grave consequences, appeals would be of very rare occurrence. The application of so harsh and unreasonable a rule to sureties on such bonds would have the effect
But if we assume that the relation of landlord and tenant subsisted between defendant and Dixon and Hall, and that the former received of the latter the rents or that the latter aided and abetted the former in resisting the ejectment suit of plaintiff, still, was plaintiff entitled to a submission of the case to the jury? It appears by the pleadings in the ejectment suit that one of the issues joined was as to the damages and accruing rents and profits. The judgment was for the possession and one cent damages. The result, therefore, of the judgment in favor of the plaintiff was to merge and include in such judgment all injuries resulting from the adverse occupancy, the accruing rents and profits down to the time of obtaining possession, and the damages for waste and injury at the time of the assessment thereof. E. S., sec. 4641; Lee v. Bowman, 55 Mo. 400.
The plaintiff’s rents and profits from the commencement of the suit to the time of the trial were necessarily included in the assessment of the damages. Plaintiff can have no claim for damages other than that which was determined in the action of ejectment. If plaintiff could not have satisfaction of that judgment, because of the insolvency of Dixon and Hall, then an action such as that in Carson v. Hughes, supra, would lie against defendant. But in this case, there was an appeal and a supersedeas bond given, on which defendant was surety, the penalty of which stood as a security for the damages, rents, profits and costs, which had been adjudged to the plaintiff. On the affirmance of the judgment, the defendant’s conditional undertaking in the supersedeas bond became absolute. The plaintiff here had ample security for his damages, rents and
Plaintiff’s- entire claim for damages, rents and profits, as already stated, were included in that judgment and the satisfaction thereof by defendant, as surety on the supersedeas bond, is, we think, a bar to the plaintiff’s present claim. In no view of the evidence which we have been able to take, can we conclude that the plaintiff was entitled to go to the jury on the evidence adduced by him, so that it must needs follow that the judgment will be affirmed.