226 Mass. 46 | Mass. | 1917
This is an action brought under R. L. c. 99, §§ 4, 6, to recover moneys paid to the defendants, who are stockbrokers, on account of stock transactions had with them by the plaintiff. That statute permits one, who, upon credit or upon margin, employs another to buy or sell securities for his account, “intending at the time that there shall be no actual purchase or sale,” to sue for and recover payments made on account of such transactions, if such other person “had reasonable cause to believe that said intention existed;” but that there shall be no right of action if such other person makes “an actual purchase or sale of said securities ... or a valid contract therefor.”
The case was sent to an auditor, whose finding was for the plaintiff. It then was tried upon the auditor’s report and some oral evidence from witnesses called by the defendants before a judge of the Superior Court, who also found for the plaintiff and reported the case for the consideration of this court.
The general finding for the plaintiff was amply warranted. There was abundant evidence of numerous short sales ordered by the plaintiff and carried out by the defendants. A short sale was defined by one of the defendants as “a sale of stock where the certificate is not received from the customer. ... A short sale is selling stock which a man does not own ... I won’t say that it is covered by that. ... I should say that a short sale is recognized by brokers as a sale of a stock where there has been no certificate received from the party that the broker is selling it for.” It well might have been found that a short sale was a sale of stock which the seller did not own. It is provided by § 6 that in a proceeding to recover money under § 4, “the fact that the seller or the person employing another to sell for his account did not own the securities ... at the time of the contract of sale or at the time of the
The general finding for the plaintiff imports a finding of all the subsidiary facts essential to that conclusion. It necessarily includes a finding that the plaintiff intended that there should be no actual purchases or sales on his orders. This is not inconsistent with the express finding that the plaintiff had no intention as to the point whether the defendants, in carrying out his orders to buy or sell, should actually receive from or deliver to any one else certificates of stock ordered by him to be bought or sold. This is not a finding that there was a negative lack of intention by the plaintiff upon the vital point that there should be “no actual purchase or sale” on his orders. It relates to the different subject of delivery and receipt of certificates. His mind might be a blank upon that matter and still the positive intention that there should . be no actual purchases or sales on his orders arise from the prima facie case to that effect made out by the short sales and from all the other circumstances in the case tending to that conclusion. It was expressly found that the plaintiff “intended not to receive nor to deliver himself any of the stocks ordered by him to be bought or sold by the defendants, and the defendants knew he so intended,” although this is not conclusive. Wilson v. Head, 184 Mass. 515, and like cases, have no bearing upon this aspect of the case at bar.
The finding that the plaintiff “intended that all dealings upon his orders should be carried on by the defendants upon the New York stock exchange ... in accordance with its rules” is not incompatible with a general finding for the plaintiff. There may be wagering even though the rules of the stock exchange are strictly observed. Higgins v. McCrea, 116 U. S. 671. Fiske v. Doucette. 206 Mass. 275.
The finding in this respect also is against the defendants, and imports a finding of all the subsidiary facts essential to that conclusion. As the burden of proof rested on the defendants, they can prevail only by showing that certain specific facts found by the judge are incompatible as matter of law with his decision. Fisher v. Doe, 204 Mass. 34.
It was decided in Fiske v. Doucette, 206 Mass. 275, 283, 284, that the stockbroker can establish this affirmative defence as to actual purchases and sales only when he has made purchases and sales honestly “in pursuance of a true intent to consummate a veritable change of title to definite property. Actual purchase or sale means in this connection a real and tangible transfer of a full and complete title to an existing, defined and certain security or commodity. . . . The defence ... is not made out unless by reason of the purchase on the stock exchange the broker or his agent has within his immediate control certificates of stock at all times ready to deliver to the plaintiff upon demand, or in case of sales like certificates for delivery to a purchaser.”
The judge found that the defendants had only five sources from which to comply with possible demands upon them for the delivery of stocks sold on the plaintiff's orders or for delivery to the plaintiff of stocks bought on his orders, viz.: stocks actually in the hands of the defendants, stocks pledged by the defendants as collateral for loans made to them from banks, stocks pledged by the defendants to other brokers, stocks lent by the defendants to other brokers, and the obligations of persons who had sold stock short through the defendants without furnishing them with the certificates; and that, unless all these sources complied with the law, the defendants were not ready to respond to such demands. Manifestly stock in actual possession was available to the defendants. The plaintiff concedes that stocks pledged to the banks also were available. See Chase v. Boston, 180 Mass. 458. Without discussing whether stocks pledged or lent to other brokers were available to the defendants, it is plain that the obligations of persons who had
The judge was not required to find that valid contracts for the purchase or sale of all the stocks in question were made by the defendants. The course of business of the defendants with the plaintiff was found to be that the plaintiff gave his orders to buy or sell stocks at the defendants’ Boston office. These orders were telegraphed to the New York office of the defendants, who telephoned them to their representative on the floor of the New York stock exchange. That representative then dealt with some other broker in a form purporting to represent a purchase or sale of the stock, and reported his action to the defendants’ New York office, where the transaction was entered on their books. Each purchase and sale made for any one on the floor of the exchange by the defendants, including transactions with the plaintiff, was entered on tickets, each signed by the defendants, and showing the stock, price and other broker involved, and delivery date, which date always was the day following, or the following Monday when the transaction on the floor of the exchange was on Friday or Saturday. Each of these tickets, after the close of the stock exchange every day, was sent to the other broker and exchanged for corresponding tickets, mutatis mutandis, signed by that broker. The defendants also made out a clearing house sheet, so called, showing all such transactions for the day and balance tickets showing the balance of their so called sales and purchases of each stock for the day, which they forwarded to the clearing house. On the following day, the defendants received from the clearing house the balance tickets, to which had been added the name of some broker purporting to be the one to receive or deliver the balance shown of the particular stock, with a check payable to or a draft on the defendants from the clearing house for the balance due to or from the defendants on the day’s transactions. Settlements with these
This is an amplified statement of what we understand to have been the course of business described in Fiske v. Doucette, 206 Mass. 275. The contention was not seriously made in that case that this course of business constituted the making of valid contracts for the sale and purchase of stocks as distinguished from actual purchases and sales. That contention is here made by the defendants.
It seems manifest that the course of business on the stock exchange means, and is treated as meaning, present sales. That is the language of the transactions as between the customer and broker. It was the language here employed between the plaintiff and the defendants. The plaintiff’s orders were to buy and to sell stocks, not to make contracts for the delivery of stock in the future. The stock exchange clearing house, and all the steps above described as taking place between the orders of the plaintiff and the conclusion of the transactions, constitute merely machinery of convenience for expediting that which the statute as applied to stocks described as “an actual purchase or sale” of stock.
The course of business of the stock exchange shown in this case is in every essential a present sale of stocks and not a contract for a future delivery within the meaning of the statute. The delay in the physical transfer of the possession for a day is for mutual accommodation growing out of the nature of the property to be delivered and the possible necessity for the issuance of new certificates in order to complete the sale. But it is none the less a present sale because of this delay in the delivery. The dealings are all on the footing of present deliveries. The clearing house is and purports to be used to effect present deliveries between parties who have stocks in hand rather than to set off and cancel contracts to be performed in the future between parties who do not have stocks in hand. Stocks commonly are bought and sold
The judge found that in instances of short sales the customer, where the transactions were intended as bona fide sales of stock, was obliged on demand to deliver to the broker certificates of stock corresponding to those sold. But in none of the many instances of short sales did the plaintiff deliver or intend to deliver any certificates, and the defendants knew this to be so and never-demanded certificates. The judge was not required to find that there were valid contracts for sale within the meaning of the statute. The facts here disclosed are quite different from those in Brown v. Rushton, 223 Mass. 80.
The judge was not bound to find that the transactions of the defendants with the plaintiff were actual purchases, or sales, or valid contracts therefor under the law of New York. The law of New York was a fact upon which the findings of the judge are final if there is any evidence to support them. Electric Welding Co. Ltd. v. Prince, 200 Mass. 386, 390. The refusal of the judge to make the finding requested well might have been based on the decisions in Weld v. Postal Telegraph Cable Co. 199 N. Y. 88, 101-103, Hurd v. Taylor, 181 N. Y. 231, 233, Caswell v. Putnam, 120 N. Y. 153, Taussig v. Hart, 58 N. Y. 425,430 (all of which were in evidence), as applied to the facts here disclosed.
No error is shown in the exclusion of the testimony of Shaw, the manager of the defendants’ New York office, and of Hunt, their managing partner, that the defendants had never carried on fictitious transactions in the purchase or sale of stocks. They were permitted to testify that there was no instance of a transaction between the plaintiff and the defendants when the latter did not have an actual transaction with some other broker, that none of the transactions on the stock exchange by the defendants was fic
The eleventh request was denied. The request involved a finding of fact as well as a ruling of law. The finding of fact was not made. This cannot be said to have been erroneous in law. If the repayments were not in fact on account of the principal sums paid in, but on account of the unlawful transactions, then the defendants were not entitled under the statute to be credited with them. Sufficient facts are not found which required the ruling as matter of law that the payments made should be credited to the defendants. This aspect of the case is covered by Lyons v. Coe, 177 Mass. 382, 384, Anderson v. Metropolitan Stock Exchange, 191 Mass. 117, 122, 123, Picard v. Beers, 195 Mass. 419, 429, Beers v. Wardwell, 198 Mass. 236.
No reversible error is disclosed either in the rulings made or those denied. In accordance with the terms of the report, the entry may be judgment for the plaintiff for $23,031.50 with interest from November 17, 1910.
So ordered.