Ackley v. United States

200 F. 217 | 8th Cir. | 1912

SMITH McPIiERSON, District Judge.

The plaintiff in error, Foster E. Ackley, was indicted for furnishing information where and from whom articles could be obtained which would prevent conception. The indictment was in four counts; trial resulting in acquittals under all but the second count. The second count charges that the defendant for many years had been a practicing physician at Kansas City, Mo., advertising his profession in the papers of that city, which circulated in various parts of the country. George A. Leonard, a post office inspector, caused to be sent to the defendant at his business address in Kansas City, by means of the United States mail, posted in Arkansas City, Kan., a letter of date December 5, 1910, purporting to have been written by Mary Eichenoner. After stating that the writer had seen his advertisements the letter recites:

“I am writing you to know whether you have a remedy that will keep me from getting in a family way. If you have such a remedy or can tell me where to get it I will be very grateful.to you. Please send your reply in a plain envelope.

“Yours truly, Mary Eichenoner.”

Two days thereafter, at Kansas City, Mo., the defendant, in response to the letter referred to, deposited in the United States post office at Kansas City, Mo., for mailing and delivery through the post office establishment of the United States, an envelope, addressed to the said Mary Eichenoner at Arkansas City, Kan., which envelope contained a printed book or pamphlet and advertisements describing the “Ackley Ladies’ Syringe” and “Dr. Ackley’s Sanitary Powder.” This pamphlet has a picture of a woman standing by a door, as if about to open the same, above which is printed in large letters, “The Door to Health,” and below it the words:'

“Open It! Dr. F. E. Ackley, the Woman’s Doctor, 318 Junction Building, Kansas City, Mo.”

On the back of the pamphlet is a picture of an image, entitled “Bil-liken — the god of things as they ought to be.” Below' this image are the words:

“A new lease of life is granted to womankind who use the Ackley Ladies’ Syringe and Dr. Ackley’s Sanitary Powder.”

This count also charges that Eebruary 20, 1911, the said Leonard, post office inspector, did address another letter at Arkansas City, Kan., requesting further information as to where, how, and from whom, and by what means articles and things designed, adapted, and intended for the preventing of conception might be obtained. This letter is as .follows:

“Arkansas City, Kansas, Feh. 20, 1911.

“Dr. Ackley, Kansas City, Mo. — Dear Doctor: In December I wrote to you to get a remedy that would keep me from getting in a family way, and your reply was to send me a little book describing a syringe and some powders. Now which of these you think is best for that use I don’t know, I am sure, but am sending you a money order for 83.50 to pay for the syringe, but if you have any other remedy that is better than the syringe, send me $3.50 worth of that.

“Yours truly, Mary Eichenoner,

“B. E. D. No. 6.”

The indictment further alleges that February 27, 1911, at Kansas City, Mo., defendant deposited in the United States post office another letter addressed to the said Mary Eichenoner, Arkansas City, Kan., which letter is as follows:

“Dr. P. E. Ackley, Diseases of Women, 318 Junction Building,

Kansas City, Mo.

Eeb. 27, 1911.

“Mary Eichenoner, Arkansas City, Kansas — Dear Madame: In reply to your favor of the 20th, enclosing remittance of $3.50, will say that I am sending to your address, by to-day’s Pacific Express Company, one of my patented ladies’ syringes, as per your request. In the package sent I enclosed two sample packages of my Sanitary Powder, which I will kindly ask you to try and I am confident that you will be more than pleased with the results. You will find directions on the- small packages as to how to use this powder. Only instead of following the directions as given on the package, I want you to use a teaspoonful of the powder to 8 oz. or one-half pint of water (which is the amount the bulb of my syringe will hold), instead of one quart of water as directed on the package. The directions on the packages are intended for use when my powder is used with some other kind of syringe ‘ besides my own. Study directions for use of my syringe thoroughly and by so doing you will find it very simple and easy to understand. Should yon desire the powder I can send it to you by mail at any time. The large full size boxes cost $1.00 each.

"“yery truiy yours, fSigned] Dr. TO. R Ackley.”

In addition there was an allegation that defendant did by such circular and letter carried through the mails furnish information where a prevention against conception could be procured. But much of the indictment we omit as not being material. The defendant filed against the indictment a demurrer, and likewise a motion in arrest of judgment after verdict, substantially on the ground that the indictment fails to state the crime.

[1,2] This particular offense was not known at common law. Being a statutory crime, the indictment must follow the statute creating the offense. The exception is that, if the statute denounces several things as a crime, the different things thus enumerated in the statute being connected by the disjunctive “or,” the pleader must connect them by the conjunctive “and” before evidence can be admitted as to more than the one act. To recite that the defendant did the one thing or another makes the indictment bad for uncertainty. To charge the one thing and another does not render the indictment bad for duplicity, and a conviction follows if the testimony shows the defendant to he guilty of either the one or the other thing charged. State v. Dean, 44 Iowa, 648; State v. Spurbeck, 44 Iowa, 667; State v. Paul, 81 Iowa, 596, 47 N. W. 773.

[3 | If the crime charged existed at common law, and is denounced by mime only by statute, then the indictment must contain averments covering the common-law ingredients. If the crime is statutory, the indictment is sufficient if the averments are in the language of the statute, unless generic or general or common-law terms are used, in which case the indictment must be more specific, so that a defendant of ordinary understanding may comprehend what is charged. Armour Packing Company v. United States (C. C. A. 8th Circuit), 153 Fed. 1, 82 C. C. A. 135, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 400 (affirmed in 209 U. S. 56, 28 Sup. Ct. 428, 52 L. Ed. 681); Pounds v. United States, 171 U. S. 35, 18 Sup. Ct. 729, 43 L. Ed. 62; Dunbar v. United States, 156 U. S. 185, 15 Sup. Ct. 325, 39 L. Ed. 390; Evans v. United States, 153 U. S. 584, 14 Sup. Ct. 934, 38 L. Ed. 830; Cannon v. United States, 116 U. S. 55, 78, 6 Sup. Ct. 278, 29 L. Ed. 561. It can be truly said that this indictment is not a model for either brevity or terseness or exactness of statement. Instead of using the words of the statute, in some instances the pleader has used alleged synonyms, reciting things not in the statute, omitting others, and using alleged substitutes.

[ 4 | It is contended that there is no allegation that the defendant sent the circular or pamphlet as furnishing information where the articles and things designed to prevent conception might he obtained. We think the proper construction of that allegation is that it was so charged. The indictment alleges that the defendant did, in response to the letter of the inspector of December 5, 1910, mail the circular. The second letter, which was written February 20, 1911, by the inspector, reminded the defendant that there had been no reply to the first letter, other than to send the pamphlet describing the syringe and powders. That letter recites:

“In December I wrote to you to get a remedy that would keep me from getting in a family way, and your reply was to send me a little book describing a syringe and some powders. Now \wbicli of these you think is best for that use I don’t know.”

Thereupon the defendant, under date of February 27, 1911, sent through the mails his letter, reciting:

“In reply to your favor of the 20th, enclosing remittance of $3.50, will say that I am sending to your address, 'by to-day’s Pacific Express Company, one of my patented ladies’ syringes, as per your request.”

The letter further recites that he is sending two sample packages of his sanitary powder, and asking her to try them and that the defendant is confident that the party will be more than pleased with the result. Then the letter directs her how to use the powders, and in what solution, and asked for a careful study as to the use of the syringe, and that if she wants the powder he can send it to her by mail at any time. The indictment alleges that this letter thus' sent through the mail contained the information as to where, how, and from whom the means of preventing' conception might be obtained.

[5] We think the pamphlet or circular, and defendant’s letter of February 27th, construed by the inspector’s letter of February 20th, all taken together, were for the specific purpose of conveying information as to where the appliances could be had, namely, at defendant’s office, and that the same could be sent by express and by mail to the party asking for such information. The statute is (section 211, Penal Code):

“Every article or thing adapted * * * described in manner calculated to lead another to use it for preventing conception” is unlawful.

The article may be of legitimate use. It in fact may not prevent conception. But if it is calculated to lead another to use it for such purpose it is unlawful. And that is what defendant meant when he wrote his letter, and when he sent it with the circular through the mail. When a witness in his own behalf he refused on cross-examination to say he had any other purpose.

[8, 7] Complaint is made by counsel for appellant by reason of the fact that the letters by Leonard, the inspector, to defendant were under the assumed name of a woman, but for which the pamphlet and defendant’s letters would not have been mailed. A party who persuades another to commit a crime is, an accessory, and as a witness is to be considered as such, and his testimony weighed accordingly. But when officers, or even a private citizen desirous of enforcing the laws, believes from general information, and as in this case, from the pamphlet reciting “Woman’s Doctor,” “Woman’s Friend,” “Woman’s Syringes,” “Woman’s Antiseptic Germ Killing Powders,” “Consultations only at my offices,” “Syringes sent by freight only,” then the officer had the legal, as he had the moral, right to send “decoy letters.” It is now too late to complain of decoy letters in such a case. Scott v. United States, 172 U. S. 343, 19 Sup. Ct. 209, 43 L. Ed. 471; Price v. United States, 165 U. S. 311, 17 Sup. Ct. 366, 41 L. Ed. 727; Rosen v. United States, 161 U. S. 30, 16 Sup. Ct. 434, 480, 40 L. Ed. 606; Goode v. United States, 159 U. S. 663, 16 Sup. Ct. 136, 40 L. Ed. 297; Grimm v. United States, 156 U. S. 605, 15 Sup. Ct. 470, 39 R. Ed. 550; Shepard v. United States (C. C. A. 8th Circuit) 160 Fed. 584, 87 C. C. A. 486.

[8] It is contended that nothing is taken by intendment, and that the allegation is that one letter was written by the inspector in the name of the woman to the defendant, and that Leonard “did address” the same to defendant, without alleging that the same was sent through the mails. This is in no way material. It is of no importance whether that letter was sent by mail, or messenger. The charge is that defendant wrongly used the mails, and the letter of Leonard is of importance only as an aid in interpreting the reply sent by defendant through the mail. The indictment does not specifically charge that defendant apprised the supposed woman where the articles “might be obtained.” But we hold that the charge warrants the construction only that defendant was charged with imparting the information where the same might be obtained, viz., at his office from him. Grimm v. United States, 156 U. S. 605, 15 Sup. Ct. 470, 39 L. Ed. 550 (affirming [D. C.] 50 Fed. 528).

[9] It is contended that there is no allegation that the letter of February 27, 1911, was delivered to the supposed woman, or to any other person. The allegation is that defendant deposited the letter in the Kansas City post office, addressed to Mary Eichenoner at Arkansas City, Kan., and that the same was thus mailed for delivery. It is the deposit for mailing that constitutes the offense, and when that is done the offense is complete. Scott v. United States, 172 U. S. 343, 19 Sup. Ct. 209, 43 L. Ed. 471. Taking the indictment as a whole, and disregarding form, imperfection of statement, and unimportant defects, which do not'reasonably tend to the prejudice of the accused, no error was committed in overruling the demurrer, or the motion in arrest. Such is the correct rule. Clement v. U. S., 149 Fed. 305, 79 C. C. A. 243, and Brown v. U. S., 143 Fed. 60, 74 C. C. A. 214, both decisions by this court. See, also, May v. United States, 199 Fed. Rep. 53, decided by this court August 19, 1912.

Other matters covered by the assignments of error are exceedingly technical and without merit. Our holdings are that the indictment is sufficient and charges an offense. The defendant had a fair trial, the evidence is conclusive of his guilt, and he has no just cause of complaint as against either the verdict or judgment.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.