81 N.Y. 143 | NY | 1880
The bond and mortgage fell due and payable on the 1st day of November, 1857. In the hand of a person not under disability they might then have been put in suit; and must have been put in suit before the lapse of twenty years thereafter; that is, on or before the 1st day of November, 1877. (Old Code, §§ 89, 90; New Code, §§ 380, 381.) By law certain persons are deemed disabled to bring such suit; and among them, once on a time, was a married woman. (§ 81, Code of 1848; § 101, Old Code, as it was until 1870; ch. 741, Laws of 1870, p. 1832, § 5.) The fact that she was a woman, and married, created the disability. Such, we think, is the plain meaning of the Old Code. It is not that if she is under disability and is also a married woman; it is the fact of marriage, as it is the fact of insanity or of infancy, that is the disability. We say this, as a part of the appellant's argument was that there must exist a disability and also the state of marriage. The time of that disability was no part of the time above named of twenty years (Id.) until in 1851 (Laws of 1851, ch. 479, pp. 876-882), when it was enacted that the period within which the action must be brought cannot be extended by that disability more than five years, nor longer than one year after the disability has ceased. Up to 1851, the time of twenty years, the term of limitation, stopped running so long as the marriage continued. By the Law of 1851 there were two things that set the time running again. The lapse of five years while the disability continued. The lapse of one year after the disability had ceased. These two things acted independently of each other. If five years of disability had elapsed before the disability had ceased, the twenty years period began *146
to run again. If the disability had ceased for a year, though the term of five years had not expired, then the twenty years period began again to run at the end of the year. Thus the lapse of five years, that alone, was enough to stop the action of the disability. And the lapse of a year after the cessation of the disability, that alone, though the five years had not yet gone by, was enough to stop the action of the disability. So that a married woman might (outside the effect of the act of 1870,supra), have at the utmost twenty-five years in which to bring an action on a sealed instrument after the cause of action accrued; or she might have but twenty-one years. If she was married on the day of the accruing of her right to sue, and she should become a widow on the next day, and so remain thereafter, she would have twenty years from that next day; and so as to any term of time, as long as or shorter than five years, that she should be a married woman at and after the accruing of the cause of action. If she should be a married woman on the day of the accruing of the right of action, and so remain for twenty-five years thereafter, she might bring her action the last day of the twenty-five years. If, after twenty years had expired, she should become a widow on any day in the next four years, she would have but one year from that day in which to bring her action. We have been thus minute, though we may not have been clear, in stating our view of the statutory provision, as it seems from the speech of counsel that difficulty is found in interpreting it, and it is said that a previous decision of this court is not to be understood. That decision is in Dunham v. Sage (
To apply this to the present case: The cause of action accrued November 1, 1857; and, if not a married woman, the plaintiff must have brought suit in twenty years from that day, which would have been November 1, 1877. She was a married woman. Had her husband lived so long, she need not have brought suit for twenty-five years from that day (save for the act of 1870); but though he had so lived, she must then have brought suit. That would have been November 1, 1882. *147 For the statute said that the suit must be brought in twenty years, or if by reason of the disability of marriage the period be extended, it shall not be extended more than five years. But he died on the 8th of September, 1866, and she has been a widow since. The disability then ceased, and she could have sued on the 9th day of September, 1866. On the day of his death there had elapsed, from the day of the accruing of the cause of action, eight years ten months and seven days, and in that lapse the term of five years, the longest time for which, by reason of the disability, the statutory time for bringing suit would be extended, had also passed away. So that before the death of her husband the statute had begun to operate against her. It began so to do on the 2d day of November, 1861. In twenty years from that day her right of action would have been gone, by reason of the statute. That would not have been until November, 1881. The effect of the facts in the case gave to her (save for the act of 1870) the full time of extension, by reason of her disability, that was afforded by the statute as amended in 1851. And because of those facts, the effect given to a cessation of the disability did not take place. The whole length of statutory term of extension, to wit: five years, having by force of the facts been applied, there was naught for the one year term of extension, dependent upon a cessation of disability, to take hold of.
This suit was brought on September 10, 1877, in less than twenty years from the expiration of the five year term, and had there been no other statute her suit would have been in time.
Thus far we have gone without taking fully into view the statute of 1870, supra. That took away from women the disability excusing from suing, which before that arose from the fact that they were married. It left the sections (89, 90) of the old Code, which provided a period of limitation, operative on a married woman as well as others; and the effect of those and other sections was, that if she had a right of action on a sealed instrument, she must sue upon it in twenty years from the time that that right accrued. (§§ 73, 74, Old Code.) A married woman, after the act of 1870, had no more time in which to *148 enforce a right of action than a married man. In that year the legislature made known to every married woman that the extension of the term of limitation of actions, that theretofore had existed in her favor, was taken away, and that if she owned a sealed instrument she must sue upon it in twenty years after her right to sue accrued. By the express terms of the act (see § 15) section 5 of it applies to actions then pending, or such as might thereafter be brought, and hence it must apply to all rights of action, whether then accrued or thereafter to accrue. We see no reason why it did not apply to the right of action of the plaintiff. A statute of limitations, inasmuch as it takes away the remedy only and does not impair the obligation, affects the remedy on contracts made before as well as those made after the passage of it, unless it contains some provision saving prior contracts from the operation of it. So it must be with rights of action accrued before the passage of the act of 1870. By force then of the act the plaintiff had but twenty years from the 1st day of November, 1857, in which to bring her action.
The New Code, which went into operation on the 1st day of September, 1877, before the plaintiff brought her suit, enacts the same limitation upon her right to sue as does the act of 1870. (§ 381.) And it thus saves from the application of its period of limitation a case where a person was entitled, when it took effect, to bring an action, if such action be brought before the lapse of two years from the time that Code took effect. (§ 414.) This would have saved the action of the plaintiff from the operation of the rule of the New Code (for she brought her action on December 10, 1877, two months and ten days after the New Code took effect), but for another provision of the same section (section 414) of the New Code; which declares that in such case (that is, in case a person was entitled to bring an action when it, the New Code, went into effect), the provision of law applicable thereto immediately before that act (that is, the New Code) went into effect, should continue to be applicable thereto, notwithstanding the repeal of the act of 1870. She did commence her suit within two years of the going *149 into effect of the New Code of 1877; and she did have a right to commence that action when that Code went into effect on the 1st of September, 1877; but the act of 1870, supra, was all the while from the 1st of September, 1877, until the day she brought her suit, to wit: on the 10th day of December, 1877, operating upon her right to sue; and it cut off that right after the 1st day of November, 1877. So that unless she is helped by the other matter now to be noticed, her right to bring this action was barred by statute.
We will now see if there is any force in that other matter.
The plaintiff claims that there was a payment upon the bond and mortgage within twenty years, and that thereby the right of action is saved. The learned justice at Special Term found, as matter of fact, that there had been no payment. There was an exception to that finding. We are not able to say that the finding was so contrary to all the evidence in the case as that it was erroneous. The testimony was, that before this bond and mortgage were made there was an indebtedness from the defendant, Alexander Acker, to the plaintiff and her husband; that to secure the payment of that, Alexander took out, or assisted in taking out, a policy of insurance upon his life; that after that, that indebtedness went into this bond and mortgage and the policy was held as collateral to them; that Alexander failed to pay the premiums and the policy was forfeited; that after that, the plaintiff received from the insurers a sum of money by reason of the policy. The policy was issued before the date of the bond and mortgage, hence more than twenty years before this suit was brought. It does not appear how long before the suit was brought Alexander failed to make payment of premium. The money was paid to plaintiff by the insurers on the 8th of October, 1866. If the payment had then been made by Alexander, it might have availed to save the right of action on his bond from the bar of the statute. (New Code, § 395; First Nat. Bank of Utica v. Ballou,
It is proper to say that the attention of the learned court at General Term does not seem to have been asked to the act of 1870.
The order of the General Term should be reversed, and the judgment of the Special Term affirmed.
All concur, except MILLER, J., absent at argument.
Order reversed and judgment affirmed. *151