MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Defendant’s motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. Dkt. 30. The amended complaint includes a variety of claims alleging workplace discrimination on the basis of age, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), and on the basis of national origin, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”). For the reasons explained below, the Court concludes that four of the plaintiffs — Taher Achagzai, Syed B. Shah, Mohammed Za-men Mohmand, and Zeba Khadem — failed to exhaust their administrative remedies, and defendant’s motion is therefore GRANTED as to those four plaintiffs. But the fifth plaintiff, Naseem S. Stanazai, did exhaust his administrative remedies as to some of his claims, and the Court concludes that with respect to some, but not all, of those claims, Stanazai has stated a claim upon which relief may be granted. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is therefore GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as to Stanazai’s claims.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Plaintiffs Taher Achagzai, Syed S. Shah, Mohammed Zamen Mohmand, Zeba Kha-dem, and Naseem S. Stanazai are broad
Defendant Broadcasting Board of Governors (“the Board”) is an independent federal agency that oversees all non-military, international broadcasting sponsored by the federal government, including VOA. Compl. ¶ 11. The complaint alleges that the plaintiffs suffered a laundry list of workplace indignities starting in 2006 while employed by the Board. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 13-15. The crux of the complaint is that the older, Afghani plaintiffs suffered these harms as VOA attempted to implement a “new format,” a term the complaint uses often but never defines, which appears to be an effort by VOA to modernize its offerings. Id. ¶¶ 13-18; Dkt. 50 at 4. The complaint lists 37 categories of discriminatory conduct that describe allegations of unfair and unannounced workplace scheduling, frequent downgrades in assignments, favoritism shown toward junior staff in all facets of work, a barrage of insults and insulting behavior aimed toward Plaintiffs, and a refusal to assist the senior staff in the transition to “the new format.” Compl. ¶ 14. The complaint alleges that these abuses began in 2006 but grew worse when Mohammed Ibrahim Na-sar became the Managing Editor of the Pashto Service at VOA in 2010. Id. ¶ 15. The complaint also alleges that at least some of the plaintiffs voiced their concerns at various times to upper management at VOA and received assurances that conditions would improve. Id. ¶¶ 19-28. Plaintiffs further allege that in actuality, however, Nasar and other supervisors retaliated against them by continuing to change their schedules and removing them from more desirable assignments. Id. ¶¶ 23-25. Plaintiffs allege that, as the situation grew more toxic, supervisors insulted them at staff meetings, encouraged them to retire, and assigned them tasks that were impossible to complete in the amount of time given. Id. ¶¶ 31-32. After Plaintiffs brought their concerns to the Board’s human resources department, a supervisor allegedly placed “a gag on seniors’ work related e-mails,” although it is not entirely clear what that entailed. Id. ¶ 38. A higher-level supervisor later recognized that the “gag” was improper and against VOA policy and lifted it. Id. Unsatisfied with the response from the human resources department, Plaintiffs sought administrative recourse through Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) counseling with the Board’s office of civil rights approximately six months after first bringing their concerns to the human resources department.
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiffs Achagzai, Shah, Mohmand, and Khadem each began the administrative process by contacting an EEO counselor on October 11, 2012. See Dkt. 30-2 at 5 (Mohmand), 37 (Shah), 53 (Achagzai), 75 (Khadem); Dkt. 50 at 3. Plaintiff Stanazai, on the other hand, first sought EEO coun
The original complaint covered more than 200 pages, including 18 counts and more than 800 numbered paragraphs. See Dkt. 1. The Board moved to dismiss counts 10-18, all of which alleged various common law torts, on the grounds that Plaintiffs had not exhausted their administrative remedies under the Federal Tort Claims Act — the only waiver of sovereign immunity that would allow Plaintiffs to sue the government for tort violations. Dkt. 14. Defendant also moved to strike the complaint for failure to comply with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8 and 12(f) because it was too long and repetitive to allow the Board a reasonable opportunity to respond. Id. Plaintiffs, meanwhile, moved to expedite the proceedings, arguing that their advanced age and health concerns necessitated an expedited schedule. Dkt. 17. The Court granted both of Defendant’s motions and denied Plaintiffs’ motion to expedite. See Dkt. 24; Achagzai v. Broad. Bd. of Governors, 109 F.Supp.3d 67 (D.D.C.2015). The Court dismissed counts 10-18 without prejudice and granted Plaintiffs leave to file an amended complaint that complied with Rules 8 and 12(f) on or before June 29, 2015. Id. at 8.
Plaintiffs met that deadline and filed an amended complaint that dropped the previous counts alleging common-law tort violations and that omitted much, although not all, of the repetition contained in the original complaint. See Dkt. 25. The amended complaint asserts nine counts against the Board: (1) “Pattern or Practice Discrimination — Systemic Disparate Treatment” on the basis of national origin in violation of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq.; (2) “Pattern or Practice of Discrimination — Systemic Disparate Treatment” discrimination on the basis of age in violation of the ADEA, 29 U.S.C. § 621, et seq.-, (3) disparate impact discrimination on the basis of national origin, in violation of Title VII; (4) disparate impact discrimination on the basis of age, in violation of the ADEA; (5) discrimination on the basis of national origin and age, in violation of both Title VII and the ADA, through a hostile work environment and disparate treatment; (6) discrimination on the basis of national origin and age, in violation of the ADEA and Title VII, through “systemic harassment” in the workplace; (7) “willful discrimination” in violation of Title VII and the ADEA; (8) workplace retaliation, in violation of Title VII; and (9) workplace retaliation in violation of the ADEA. Dkt. 25 at 28-46. The plaintiffs seek compensatory damages of $350,000 each, punitive damages of $750,000, an injunction prohibiting the Board from engaging in further discrimination, and various costs and fees, including attorney’s fees. Id. at 47-49.
In lieu of filing an- answer, the Board moved to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. Dkt. 30. Attached to its motion is a declaration from Shennoa McDay, the Acting Director of the Board’s office of civil rights, along with more than 100 pages of documents that Plaintiffs filed
Just days after the Board’s motion to dismiss was fully briefed, two of the plaintiffs — Khadem and Mohmand — filed a motion for a preliminary injunction, asking the Court to halt further scheduling changes at VOA. See Dkt. 41. After that motion was fully briefed, the Court held oral argument on all of the pending motions. At oral argument, the Court informed the parties that it would deny the motion for a preliminary injunction, and it issued a memorandum opinion and order shortly thereafter, explaining that Khadem and Mohmand had not satisfied any of the four factors necessary to obtain preliminary relief. See Dkt. 47; Achagzai v. Broad. Bd. of Governors, No. 14-cv-768,
C. Statutory and Regulatory Background
As Plaintiffs recognize, see Dkt. 33-1 at 2, the Board is an independent federal agency, and Plaintiffs are therefore federal employees. Both Title VII and the ADEA — the two statutes on which Plaintiffs’ remaining counts rely — -require federal employees to exhaust administrative remedies before filing suit. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c) (Title VII); 29 U.S.C § 633a(b)-(d) (ADEA); see also Washington v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth.,
To exhaust administrative remedies under Title VII, a federal employee must first “initiate contact” with an EEO counselor within 45 days of the allegedly discriminatory conduct. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1); see also In re James,
Under the ADEA, a federal employee may elect to follow these same procedures or to take an alternative path to federal court. Unlike in Title VII cases, the ADEA permits “the employee [to] bring a claim directly to federal court so long as, within 180 days of the allegedly discriminatory act, [the employee] provides the EEOC with notice of [her] intent to sue at least 30 days before commencing suit.” Rann v. Chao,
Exhausting administrative remedies is a prerequisite to filing suit under either the ADEA or Title VII. See Rafi v. Sebelius,
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) challenges the Court’s jurisdiction to consider the claim. A court may dismiss the complaint if it fails facially to plead facts sufficient to establish that the Court has jurisdiction, but “where necessary, the court may [also] consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis.,
A rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, in contrast, is subject to a different set of procedures. A defendant may prevail on a 12(b)(6) motion only by demonstrating that the facts alleged in the complaint, and accepted as true for purposes of resolving the motion, do not warrant relief. See Harris v. Ladner,
A motion for summary judgement under Rule 56 implicates yet a third set of procedures. Here, the Court may consider the full record before it, but it may not resolve any bona fide factual disputes. The Court, accordingly, may grant summary judgment only when the moving party “shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Where, as here, the defendant has moved for summary judgment, it “bears the initial responsibility” of “identifying those portions” of the record that “demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
III. DISCUSSION
The Board argues that Plaintiffs’ claims fail for two reasons. First, it argues that they should be dismissed because Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. Second, it argues that the complaint fails to plead facts sufficient to support Plaintiffs’ claims. The Court agrees that plaintiffs Achagzai, Shah, Mohmand, and
Because the Court concludes that plaintiffs Achagzai, Shah, Mohmand, and Khadem (the “Achagzai Plaintiffs”) and plaintiff Stanazai stand in substantially different positions, it will first address the claims of the Achagzai Plaintiffs before turning to Stanazai’s claims.
A. Plaintiffs Achagzai, Shah, Mohmand, and Khadem
The Board contends that the Achagzai Plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Before turning to the merits of that argument, however, it is necessary to address whether the failure to exhaust administrative remedies before filing suit under the ADEA and Title VII is properly raised as a jurisdictional defense, a pleading deficiency, or an affirmative defense. According to the Board, the Court need not resolve this question because “dismissal is appropriate under either Rule 12(b)(1) or Rule 12(b)(6).” Dkt. 30 at 7 n.l. The Court disagrees that the proper characterization of the defense is either unsettled or inconsequential.
As an initial matter, it is settled that failure to exhaust ADEA and Title VII administrative remedies does not deprive the federal district courts of jurisdiction. As the Supreme Court has admonished, “when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character.” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp.,
Far from simply affecting the proper label to attach to the motion, the characterization of the exhaustion requirement as an affirmative defense means that Plaintiffs are not required to plead exhaustion, and it means that the Board bears the burden of proving that Plaintiffs failed adequately to exhaust their Title VII and ADEA administrative remedies. Here, had the Board sipiply moved to dismiss without identifying allegations in the complaint that effectively conceded a failure to ex
1. Administrative Exhaustion
A federal employee who seeks to sue her agency for discrimination under Title VII or the ADEA must, absent unusual circumstances, timely exhaust administrative remedies before bringing suit. See Hamilton v. Geithner,
For purposes of assessing timeliness, the Supreme Court has identified two categories of discrimination claims. First, where the employee alleges that he or she was the victim of a “discrete retaliatory or discriminatory act,” the timeliness inquiry focuses on that particular act. Morgan,
Applying this framework, the Court concludes that the Board has carried its burden of showing that each of the Achagzai Plaintiffs has failed timely to exhaust their administrative remedies. It is undisputed that Taher Achagzai, Mohammed Mohmand, Syed Shah and Zeba Khadem initiated the EEO process on October 11, 2012, when they first conferred with the EEO counselor. Dkt. 30-2 at 5 (Mohmand), 37 (Shah), 53 (Achagzai), 75 (Khadem); Dkt. 50 at 3. As documented in the Board’s summary judgment motion, moreover, when Achagzai, Mohmand, and Shah filed their administrative complaints, they each included a personal statement dated April 18 or 19, 2012, setting forth the various acts of discrimination that each allegedly suffered. See Dkt. 30 at 3; Dkt. 30-2 at 16-26 (Mohmand statement); id. at 41-46 (Shah statement); id. at 60-67 (Achagzai statement). Those dates present a substantial problem for them. Under the EEOC regulations, they were required to initiate the counseling process within 45 days of the Board’s allegedly discriminatory conduct. Counting back from October 11, 2012, that means that they were required to identify in the administrative process “[a] discrete retaliatory or discriminatory act” that “occurred” on or after August 27, 2012, Morgan,
The facts are slightly different for Plaintiff Khadem, but the problem is the same. She initiated the EEO counseling process on October 11, 2012, like Achagzai, Moh-mand, and Shah. See Dkt. 30 at 4. She brought her formal complaint around the same time they did, in her case on December 9, 2012. See id. But unlike her co-plaintiffs, the statement of facts she attached to her complaint is undated (and unsigned). See id.; see also Dkt. 30-2 at 80-.85 (Khadem statement). So in contrast to Achagzai, Mohmand, and Shah, Khadem’s statement does not — on its face — demonstrate that it was prepared more than 45 days before she initiated the EEO process. A review of her statement, however, fails to reveal any allegation of retaliation or discrimination occurring within 45 days of October 11, 2012, when Khadem initiated the EEO process. She refers, for example, to “three false and accusatory emails” that she received in March 2012 and to a “new schedule” adopted in April 2012, which she contends was unfair. Dkt. 30-2 at 81, 85. Each of these events occurred well more than 45 days before Khadem initiated the EEO process, and she .has failed to identify any event that allegedly occurred after August 27, 2012. As a result, the evidence before the Court supports the conclusion that she, too, failed timely to exhaust her administrative remedies, at least with respect to the allegations contained in her factual statement.
The Board made these points in its motion for summary judgment, see Dkt. 30 at 8-24, and Plaintiffs did not dispute the Board’s rendition of the relevant facts. At oral argument, however, the Court noted that there was a lack of clarity in the record as to whether the April personal statements reflected the entirety of the
In light of this lack of clarity, the Court offered Plaintiffs the opportunity to supplement the record with any additional evidence that they timely raised any discrete acts of discrimination in the administrative process. See Feb. 5, 2016, Minute Order. In particular, the Court explained that, to overcome the Board’s showing that Plaintiffs had failed to timely exhaust, they would need to identify “for each of the five Plaintiffs discrete acts of discrimination that occurred within 45 days of when they first sought counseling from an EEO counselor” and would need to support any such showing with citations to the record or to other evidence. Id. Plaintiffs filed a timely response. See Dkt. 50. They have still, however, failed to identify any discrete act of retaliation or discrimination, or any act contributing to a hostile work environment claim, occurring between August 27, 2012, and October 11, 2012, that they raised in the administrative process.
In their supplemental filing, Plaintiffs assert in conclusory terms that they “were subjected to a hostile work environment based on their age and in reprisal for reporting harassing behavior.” Dkt. 50 at 4. The specific conduct allegedly occurring between August 27, 2012, and October 11, 2012, that they identify, however, is very limited. First, they point to the Board’s failure to include Plaintiffs “in social media advancements,” such as “the google groups,” and its failure “even to invite [them] to learn or to have input on the subject.” Id. at 5. The evidence Plaintiffs cite, however, does not show that this conduct occurred during the relevant time period. See Dkt. 50-1 at 13-25 (Exhs. 3 & 4). Even more importantly, Plaintiffs do not even argue — much less show — that they raised this alleged exclusion from “social media advancements” with the EEO counselor or that they otherwise raised the issue in the administrative process. Similarly, Plaintiffs point to the fact that Kha-dem and Achagzai were “forced to do field reporting,” Dkt. 50 at 8, and they cite to exhibits from September 2012, see Dkt. 50-3 at 1-6 (Exhs. 10 & 11), which is within the 45-day window. Those assignments, of course, could not have been included in the statement that Achagzai submitted in April 2012, and more importantly, Plaintiffs once again fail to offer any evidence that either grievance — if assigning a reporter to do field reporting can be called a grievance — was raised in the administrative process.
Plaintiffs also assert that Spozhmai Mai-wandi, the Director of the South Asia Division of VOA, “retaliated against them for” bringing their allegations of mistreatment to the human resources division “and for
Finally, Plaintiffs also attach 175 pages of material to their supplemental filing. See Dkt. 50. Although it is possible that these extensive materials might' identify additional incidents not discussed in Plaintiffs’ brief, it is not the Court’s role to mine the record in an effort to identify potentially helpful evidence not identified by the parties. See, e.g., Bombard v. Fort Wayne Newspapers,
Finally, to the extent that the complaint relies in any part on a theory of discrimination based on events that occurred after Plaintiffs brought their formal administrative complaints in December 2012, see, e.g., Compl. at 27 (alleging that the Board discriminated against all five plaintiffs based on their age when a supervisor issued a new schedule on April 10, 2013), they have, once again, failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. As the Court has already explained, “[ejach discrete discriminatory act starts a new clock for filing charges alleging that act.” Morgan,
2. Equitable Tolling
Until their supplemental brief, Plaintiffs did not even attempt to refute the Board’s showing that they failed timely to comply with EEO administrative deadlines. Instead, they asked the Court to equitably toll those deadlines. See Dkt. 33-1 at 10-11, 14-15. They argue that they complained to the Board’s acting director of human resources, who “wasted [their] time” while trying “to resolve the conflict” by meeting with them individually and, at some point, offering monetary settlements to the plaintiffs if they retired. Id. at 10-11. This delay, Plaintiffs argue, excuses their failure timely to exhaust their disparate treatment and hostile work environment claims. With respect to their disparate impact claims, Plaintiffs offer no justification for their failure to exhaust administrative remedies. See Dkt. 33-1 at 11-15.
Notably, although Plaintiffs cite to case law supporting the threshold principle that equitable tolling is available in Title VII and ADEA cases, they do not identify any precedent that supports application of the doctrine in circumstances similar to their own. The sole argument that they make is that the Board’s director of human resources “wasted [their] time.” See Dkt. 33-1 at 10-11, 14-15. They do not contend that they were provided misinformation regarding the exhaustion requirements, that they were waiting for counsel to appear on their behalf, that they were misled in any way, or that they were “lulled ... into inaction” based on “misconduct” by the Board. Plaintiffs were, to the contrary, represented by counsel throughout the administrative process. The Board, moreover, informed Plaintiffs’ counsel on May 8, 2012 — within the time that Plaintiffs could have timely exhausted the claims described in their April 2012 statements— that “the Office of Human Resources is not the appropriate place to file a discrimination complaint,” and that they should, instead, “file [their] documentation with the Agency’s Office of Civil Rights.” Dkt. 38-1 at 1. In addition, the Board has submitted evidence that it displayed posters in the VOA offices informing employees that they must contact an EEO counselor within 45 days of a discriminatory act, and these posters included the relevant phone number. See Dkt. 38-4.
This case, accordingly, is analogous to Baldwin County,
Because the Achagzai Plaintiffs failed timely to exhaust their administrative remedies, the Court grants the Board’s motion for summary judgment on all counts as to Achagzai, Shah, Mohmand, and Khadem.
B. Plaintiff Stanazai
1. Administrative Exhaustion
Plaintiff Stanazai’s claims arise in a different posture than those of his four co-
Stanazai’s statement does, however, include two incidents that allegedly occurred within 45 days of his March 22, 2013, EEO counseling. First, he alleges that his supervisors changed his schedule effective February 25, 2013, assigning him more difficult tasks and promoting other, less qualified staffers to supervisory roles based on Stanazai’s age or national origin. See Dkt. 30-2 at 114, 118, 125, 131, 136. Second, he received an allegedly hostile email after asking for more time to complete an assignment on February 5, 2013. Id. at 117-18, 130. It appears, moreover, that Stanazai’s counsel raised these issues with the EEO counselor, see Dkt. 30-2 at 104 (EEO counselor’s report, noting Stana-zai’s objection to schedule change and “false and accusatory emails from his supervisor”), and the Board has neither argued nor shown that these issues were raised later than the date on which Stana-zai initiated the counseling process. For purposes of the present motion, the Court accordingly concludes that both the February 25, 2013, schedule change and the February 5, 2013, email were timely raised, and that claims based on those allegations were timely exhausted.
The next question is whether Stanazai has stated a claim upon which relief may be granted based on those allegations. The ■ Court will consider each of Stanazai’s claim in turn.
2. Disparate Treatment
The first two counts of the complaint allege that the Board intentionally discriminated against Stanazai in violation of Title VII (Count 1) and the ADEA (Count 2). In considering whether these claims can survive the Board’s motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment, Dkt. 30, the Court applies the familiar test from McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
The Board argues that Stanazai’s claims of intentional discrimination fail as a matter of law because he has not alleged or shown that he suffered an' adverse employment action. Dkt. 30 at 11. “[A]n adverse employment action [is] a significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing significant change in benefits.” Douglas v. Donovan,
The Board argues that Stanazai’s disparate treatment claims fail because he has not shown that he was removed from his position, given a lower grade resulting in less pay, or stripped of supervisory duties. Dkt. 30 at 11. The Board also contends that any reduction or change in duties resulting from the schedule changes was only temporary and that any loss of duties did not adversely affected Stanazai’s employment in a tangible manner. Id. at 12. Stanazai, in turn, responds that he has “put' forth sufficient evidence regarding the changes in assignments, schedules, and being replaced by younger and less experienced staff, from which a reasonable jury could infer that the real reason for constant changes in the schedule was unlawful discrimination.” Dkt. 33-1 at 7-8. Stana-zai’s administrative complaint alleges that these “junior” employees were given supervisory positions despite a lack of qualifications while seniors were passed over, Dkt. 30-2 at 114, and the complaint reiterates that accusation, Compl. ¶ 107.
The Court concludes that the Board has not carried its burden of demonstrating that it is entitled to prevail as a matter of law on Stanazai’s disparate treatment claims. Standing alone, it is unlikely that the purportedly “false and accusatory e-mails,” Dkt. 30-2 at 104, constitute an adverse employment action. As the D.C. Circuit has repeatedly observed, “a thick body of precedent ... refutes the notion that formal criticism or poor performance evaluations are necessarily adverse actions.” Russell v. Principi,
Here, however, Stanazai alleges more. He contends that assignments were made within VOA based, at least in part, on age and nationality and that “junior staff members [were] given plum assignments, trav
That does not resolve the question, however, since the Board has moved, in the alternative, for summary judgment. For summary judgment purposes, however, the Board bears the burden of showing — at least in the first instance — that the undisputed facts entitle it to relief as a matter of law, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), and it has failed to carry this burden. The Board has not submitted any evidence refuting Stana-zai’s allegation that he was demoted from a supervisory position and that less qualified employees were given supervisory authority at his expense. Nor has it offered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. The Board may eventually be able to make such a showing, but it has yet to do so. The Court, accordingly, concludes that the Board’s motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment, Dkt. 30, must be denied with respect to Stanazai’s disparate treatment claims.
2. Disparate Impact
The third and fourth counts of the complaint allege disparate impact discrimination under Title VII and the ADEA, respectively. See Compl. at 32-34. The Supreme Court has recognized that a disparate impact theory of recovery is available under both Title VII, see Griggs v. Duke Power Co.,
First, the essence of a disparate impact claim is that a particular employment practice, or, in the case of Title VII, a decisionmaking process that is “not capable of separation for analysis,” has disproportionately affected a protected class. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(k)(1)(B)(i). Here, however, Stanazai does not allege facts that, even if accepted as true, state a “plausible” claim for relief on a disparate impact theory. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
Second, even if Stanazai might now attempt to allege a claim premised on a disparate impact theory, he did not timely exhaust administrative remedies with respect to that theory. The only events he referenced in the disparate impact section of his administrative complaint concerned events that occurred in 2012, more than 45 days before he first sought EEO 'counseling. Dkt. 30-2 at 137. Accordingly, he failed to timely exhaust his administrative reme-. dies with respect to his disparate impact claims.
The Court therefore grants the Board’s motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment as to Stanazai’s third and fourth claims.
3. Hostile Work Environment
The fifth count of the complaint alleges a hostile work environment in violation of both Title VII and the ADEA. Compl. at 34. The sixth count, in turn, alleges “systemic harassment.” See id. at 38. The paragraphs contained within that count allege harassment and a hostile work environment, as do the paragraphs contained in the fifth count, and the Court is unaware of a distinct cause of action of “systemic harassment.” Moreover, even though the Board raised this ambiguity in its motion, Stanazai’s response makes no effort to clarify the issue. See Dkt. 30 at 19; Dkt. 33-1. The Court will therefore treat the fifth and sixth counts as one and the same.
The bar for demonstrating' a hostile work environment is a high one: “[A] plaintiff must show that his employer subjected him to ‘discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult’ that is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.’ ” Baloch,
For present purposes, all that remains at issue are Stanazai’s claims, and thus the allegations that his co-plaintiffs raised cannot support these claims. Stanazai’s allegations fall into four categories: that he was assigned a role as “simple translator,” without supervisory responsibility, Compl. ¶ 107; that he was assigned to do the news five days a week, which was a difficult task, id. ¶ 92; that he received emails from his supervisor that were critical of him, id. ¶ 20; and that his complaints to various VOA managers and supervisors went unheeded, id. ¶¶ 28-32, 34-36. None of this, however, rises to the level required to state a claim for a hostile work environment.
“To determine whether a hostile work environment exists, the court looks to the totality of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201. The “conduct must be extreme,” and must be “both objectively and subjectively offensive, one that a reasonable person would
The facts that Stanazai alleges are not sufficiently severe or pervasive enough to allege a claim of a hostile work environment. Although one can imagine emails that might reflect such grave animus or hostility that they support a claim for a hostile work environment, Stanazai does not identify any such statement contained in an email that he received from his employer. His conclusory assertions that the emails were “harassing,” Compl. ¶ 20, do not satisfy the pleading requirements established in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,
This leaves Stanazai’s'claims that he was both given too much responsibility — broadcasting the news five times week — and not enough — merely translating broadcasts for others. Compl. ¶¶ 92, 107. As noted above, to the extent that Stanazai was demoted from a supervisory position, or denied one, based on his age or nationality, he may pursue a claim for intentional discrimination based on that conduct. But not every claim of workplace discrimination that can survive a motion to dismiss also states a claim for a hostile work environment. To survive a motion to dismiss a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must allege “severe” or “pervasive” acts that poison the workplace and, as a result, alter the conditions of employment. Here, Stanazai has alleged, at most, that the schedule was changed three or four times over the course of approximately four years in a manner that promoted less qualified, junior employees to attractive positions, while depriving him of those roles. These incidents, while upsetting to Stanazai and perhaps independently actionable, do not amount to the sort of “severe or pervasive,” hostile and abusive conduct necessary to state a claim for a hostile work environment. Harris, at
4. Willful Discrimination
The seventh count in the complaint alleges “Willful Discrimination” in violation of both Title VII and ADEA. Compl. at 39. The Board argues that this claim is merely repetitive of Stanazai’s first two counts, alleging intentional discrimination. Dkt. 30 at 23. Stanazai does not respond to this argument at all in his opposition. See Dkt. 33-1. Perhaps Stanazai means to allege that the Board willfully violated the ADEA, which may entitle him to liquidated damages. See 29 U.S.C. § 626(b). That provision of the ADEA, however, does not create a distinct cause of action but merely authorizes an additional form of relief upon a sufficient showing. Because the Court can discern no separate cause of action for “willful discrimination,” and because Stanazai failed to respond to the Board’s argument regarding this claim, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion to dismiss count seven of the complaint.
5. Retaliation
Finally, the eighth and ninth counts of the complaint allege unlawful
Here, the Board concedes that Stanazai engaged in protected activity by complaining about allegedly discriminatory hiring practices in August 2012. See Dkt. 30 at 25 (describing that action as “conduct which would constitute protected conduct under” Title VII). And the Board recognizes that Stanazai properly exhausted any claim with regard to the February 25, 2013, scheduling change. Id. The Board contends, however, that Plaintiffs (including Stanazai) have relied upon only “trivial” acts that are too “vague” to give rise to an adverse employment action. Id. at 26. As the Court has already explained, however, a schedule that places some employees in a supervisory role instead of others is sufficiently adverse to sustain even an intentional discrimination claim. See Czekalski,
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, the Board’s motion for summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs Achagzai, Mohmand, Shah, and Khadem. The Board’s motion for to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment is GRANTED as to counts III, IV, V, VI, and VII of Plaintiff Stanazai’s complaint. The motion is DENIED as to counts I, II, VIII, and IX of his complaint, insofar as they allege that the Board discriminated or retaliated against Stanazai by either demoting him or promoting other VOA employees in his stead based on considerations of age or nationality.
SO ORDERED.
Notes
. Voice of America is a government-funded, “multimedia broadcast service” whose mission is to provide "accurate, balanced, and comprehensive news and information to an international audience.” About VOA, Voice of America, http://www.insidevoa.com/info/ about_us/1673.html (Dec. 11, 2015). See also Pub. L. No. 94-350, 90 Stat. 831 (1976).
. All references to the complaint are to the amended complaint found at Dkt. 25.
. The Board argues that Stanazai did not exhaust his remedies as to the first two counts of his complaint, which allege intentional discrimination, because "he did not identify any conduct that occurred within 45 days of his filing of the EEO complaint and that could constitute an adverse employment action sufficient to support” an intentional discrimination claim. Dkt. 30 at 16. Stanazai's statement, however, references the February 25, 2013, schedule change as an example of intentional discrimination. See Dkt. 30-2 at 114. Whether that schedule change constitutes an adverse employment action, moreover, is a question that goes to the merits of his claim and has no bearing on whether he timely exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to that claim.