145 N.W.2d 363 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1966
ABBEY
v.
HUDGENS.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
*623 Fitzgerald, Walker, Conley & Hopping, for plaintiff.
Mihelich, Elmer, Dank & Kendall (Thomas M. McMahon, of counsel), for defendant.
LESINSKI, C.J.
Defendant Hudgens appeals from a judgment granted after trial by the court for plaintiff Abbey, a real estate broker, who sought to recover a commission on an exclusive sales agreement.
On August 20, 1963, the plaintiff and defendant entered into the six month exclusive sales agreement which is the subject of the action. Said agreement was to terminate on February 20, 1964. Plaintiff's commission, as stated therein, was to be $2,000. On September 16, 1963, defendant sold the property to a third party, without the plaintiff's knowledge. When the conveyance came to plaintiff's attention, he sought and was refused the commission previously agreed upon, and plaintiff instituted suit. The agreement, as prepared by plaintiff, was signed by the defendant. Under defendant's signature, plaintiff wrote the words "Hudgens' Wife." Mrs. Hudgens did not sign the agreement.
Defendant's answer to plaintiff's complaint gave notice of the affirmative defense of the statute of frauds; it further stated "that the realty in question was jointly owned by the defendant and his wife, who did not sign the alleged contract." The pretrial statement set forth the fact that the agreement was signed by the husband but not by the wife. Defendant *624 sought, at the time of the trial, to amend his pleadings to identify the absence of Mrs. Hudgens' signature as a condition precedent to the taking effect of the listing agreement. This motion was denied. Said denial provides the basis for defendant's allegation of error on appeal. It is defendant's contention that his pleadings gave sufficient notice of the affirmative defense sought to be established to allow defendant to testify that his wife's signature was a condition precedent to the effectiveness of the agreement and that under these circumstances defendant was entitled to the amendment sought, the denial of which is here alleged to be an abuse of discretion by the trial court and reversible error.
Before this Court can reach the issue on appeal, it is necessary to clarify certain preliminary points. First, the applicable provision of the Michigan statute of frauds, CL 1948, § 566.132 (Stat Ann 1953 Rev § 26.922), states that contracts specified therein "shall be void, unless such agreement * * * be in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith," and subsection 5 thereof specifies agreements for real estate commissions.[1] Thus it is apparent that a contract which falls under the statute is void as to the party sought to be charged when such contract lacks his signature. This must be distinguished from a situation in which there is a valid contract under the terms of which something remains to be done as a condition precedent to making the contract enforceable.
Second, neither this Court nor the appellee would argue with appellant's general analysis of GCR 1963, 111.7,[2] which, in essence, is that it was the *625 intent of the rule to provide for fact pleading sufficient to give the plaintiff notice of the affirmative defense alleged. The wording chosen to give this notice in defendant's answer in the case at bar gave adequate notice of an intention to rely upon the statute of frauds.
Here, however, defendant is not seeking to rely solely upon the statute of frauds, but rather to bring his case within the law stated in Jakems v. Ditmar (1961), 362 Mich 284. In the Jakems Case, defendant's answer alleged the conditional nature of the agreement he had signed. His defense, p 285, "was that his agreement to pay plaintiff a commission was conditional, and upon the failure of the stated condition to occur, he incurred no liability to plaintiff." This pleading and proving of a condition precedent led the Court to distinguish that case from Max Broock, Inc., v. Walker (1957), 349 Mich 63.
In Max Broock, supra, the Court reversed the trial court which had denied the broker the commission therein sought to be recovered on a listing agreement, where the wife's signature was missing and the broker knew of the marriage. The Court said at pp 65, 66:
"To set this recurrent issue to rest, [we] affirm that a listing contract, in form as here declared upon, is enforceable as between the parties on due performance by the broker regardless of disclosure at the time of signing that the party obligating *626 himself for payment is not outright owner of the land contemplated for sale."
In Fields v. Korn (1962), 366 Mich 108, the Court held the contract void under the statute of frauds, and allowed the plaintiffs to recover their down payment where the defendants who signed the acceptance of the offer to purchase were holders of an undivided one-half interest in the property and the holders of the other undivided one-half interest had not signed the acceptance. However, the Court was careful to distinguish the facts presented in the situation before it from others which might otherwise be inferred to fall within its holding. The Court stated at pp 109, 110:
"This is not an action to recover an allegedly earned broker's commission. It is not a suit for specific performance of an agreement to sell real estate. It is simple assumpsit to recover money paid on a contract which the applicable section of the statute of frauds says `shall be void' (CL 1948, § 566.108 [Stat Ann 1953 Rev § 26.908]) for want of required signature of the parties to be charged."
Fields, supra, does not change the law as to the recovery of broker's commissions as set forth in Max Broock, supra. Therefore, unless it were possible for the defendant to bring himself within the law stated in Jakems v. Ditmar, supra, it is apparent that the plaintiff could maintain his action. The indispensability of pleading that Hudgens' wife's signature was a condition precedent to the formation of the contract is also obvious.
It is in this context that this Court must determine if the facts pleaded in defendant's notice of affirmative defense gave plaintiff sufficient notice of the special matter upon which defendant now seeks to rely. It is our decision that it did not. As was said previously, it gave sufficient notice of the statute *627 of frauds defense. However, at this point we are concerned not only with GCR 1963, 111.7, dealing with affirmative defenses, but also with GCR 1963, 112, pleading special matters. GCR 1963, 112.3 reads:
"Conditions Precedent. In pleading the performance or occurrence of conditions precedent, it is sufficient to aver generally that all conditions precedent have been performed or have occurred. A denial of performance or occurrence shall be made specifically and with particularity." (Emphasis supplied.)
In the light of the wording of the court rule, as well as the facts discussed previously, it can be said that pleading the statute of frauds put plaintiff on notice that defendant was prepared to prove that no valid contract existed between the parties because a necessary signature was lacking; however, it cannot be said that defendant sufficiently put plaintiff on notice that he was prepared to prove that the contract which otherwise would have been valid as between the parties was unenforceable because a "condition precedent" namely, that defendant's wife did not sign the listing agreement was not fulfilled. A failure to make a specific averment of nonoccurrence of a condition precedent in a case such as we have before us "would be likely to take the adverse party by surprise." GCR 1963, 111.7. The court properly denied the amendment requested by the defendant at trial, under GCR 1963, 118.3, since the defendant did not satisfy the court that the proofs sought to be admitted and the amendment of pleadings to conform to such proofs would not prejudice the objecting party in maintaining his action or defense upon the merits.
Judgment affirmed. Costs to appellee.
T.G. KAVANAGH and QUINN, JJ., concurred.
NOTES
[1] "Every agreement, promise or contract to pay any commission for or upon the sale of any interest in real estate."
[2] ".7 Affirmative Defenses. A party shall in separate defenses set forth the facts constituting any affirmative defense, such as, contributory negligence, assumption of risk, payment, release, satisfaction, discharge, license, fraud, duress, estoppel, statute of frauds, statute of limitations, illegality, want or failure of consideration in whole or in part, that an instrument or transaction is void or voidable in point of law, or cannot be recovered upon by reason of statute, or by reason of nondelivery, and any defense which by reason of other affirmative matter seeks to avoid the legal effect of or defeat the claim set forth in the plaintiff's complaint in whole or in part, and any ground of defense which, if not raised in the pleading, would be likely to take the adverse party by surprise. When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court on terms, if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a proper designation."