Opinion
In this criminal action, defendant David Randy Abatti petitions for a writ of mandate/prohibition directing respondent Superior Court of Imperial County (the court) to vacate its April 18, 2003 order denying his hybrid Brady/Pitchess 1 motion for review of a former police officer’s records without conducting an in camera inspection, to restrain from proceeding with his case, and to enter an order directing the court to conduct an in camera review of the officer’s personnel records to determine whether they contain any exculpatory information or material that may be used to impeach the former officer who is listed as a prosecution witness in this case.
Abatti specifically contends the court abused its discretion in refusing to review the “counseling memos” contained in the personnel records of the former police officer or, to at least make a record of the documents it considered in refusing his Brady/Pitchess motion. He also contends the five-year limitation on disclosure of information in such files (Evid. Code, § 1045, subd. (b)(1)) is not an absolute bar to disclosure of Brady information in those files, and that his counsel’s declaration on “information and belief’ *43 was sufficient to show the materiality of those records. Abatti argues it was an error at law to deny his motion without first reviewing the former officer’s personnel records.
The People, represented by the Attorney General’s Office, counter that an in camera hearing was not warranted because Abatti failed to show materiality under either Brady or Pitchess, the 12-year-old counseling memos were not discoverable under Pitchess, and the trial court did not have an obligation to conduct an in camera review to seek out potential Brady material. 2
The City of Calexico (City), representing the Calexico Police Department (PD) and City, essentially contends Abatti has failed to show the court committed “a clear case of abuse” or “a miscarriage of justice” in the court’s ruling on Abatti’s hybrid motion.
Appellate Defenders, Inc. (ADI), appearing as amicus curiae on behalf of Abatti, contends the court abused its discretion in denying Abatti’s pretrial discovery motion because good cause and a plausible factual foundation for information in the former officer’s records were shown, and the former officer was not required to be represented at the Pitchess/Brady proceeding where City appeared to assert the governmental privilege on his behalf.
We shall conclude the trial court abused its discretion in failing to find materiality and good cause for the information sought under the hybrid Brady/Pitchess motion in this case. Accordingly, we grant the petition, ordering the court to set aside its April 18, 2003 order, and to conduct an in camera review of the counseling memos of the former police officer in accordance with this opinion to ascertain whether they contain information required to be disclosed to Abatti under Brady.
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On December 16, 2002, the People filed an information charging Abatti with the October 6, 2002 assault upon Danny Saiz with a deadly weapon, to wit, a vehicle, and by force likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1)), with leaving the scene of an accident (Veh. Code, *44 § 20002, subd. (a)), and with drawing or exhibiting a firearm (Pen. Code, § 417, subd. (a)(2)). The information also alleged that Abatti personally inflicted great bodily injury on Saiz during the commission of the assault within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.7, subdivision (a).
On February 27, 2003, Abatti filed a Pitchess motion under Evidence Code section 1043 seeking the inspection and disclosure of certain peace officer personnel records of former Calexico City Police Officer Jesse Torres, who had been identified by the People as a person who would be called as a witness against Abatti at trial. By such motion, Abatti specifically sought “[a]ny and all records, documents, tape recordings, photographs, reports, internal affairs investigation memoranda, hearing transcripts, or other information or evidence relating to complaints by civilians, private citizens, law enforcement officers, or other public officials against [Torres] . . . relating to any history of misstating or fabricating facts, making material misstatements in reports concerning charged incidences or providing false information regarding any arrest or incidence in which the officer filed any report,” in addition to the names, addresses and telephone number of those making any complaints, and all psychological records relating to Torres regarding his hiring or at any other time with the Calexico PD. The motion was made on grounds the personnel records of Torres contained evidence that was relevant to the issue of whether Torres “misstated or fabricated facts or made material misstatements in his report of the alleged contact with [Abatti] at the Imperial Valley Cycle Center [(the cycle center)] in December 2002[, and would] give rise to the discovery of admissible evidence in the form of other possible witnesses to [Torres’s] propensities to engage in the conduct of misstating or fabricating facts.”
In support of the motion, Abatti filed points and authorities and the declaration of his counsel. Counsel’s declaration noted that the October 2002 assault on Saiz occurred in an unincorporated area outside the city limits of El Centro where Abatti allegedly ran Saiz off a dirt road and into a drainage ditch by striking Saiz’s “four wheeled quad vehicle from behind,” causing Saiz to suffer injuries, including a broken leg. According to discovery provided to Abatti, a person named Torres who currently works for the cycle center had told the police that Abatti had come into the center and had described the event that eventually led to his arrest. “In this interview, [Torres] claims that [Abatti] admitted being present at the scene where [Saiz’s] four wheel vehicle was run into a drainage ditch. According to [Saiz, Abatti] was present at the scene and may have spoken to [Saiz] at the scene of the accident.” Counsel states that when Torres was interviewed by a defense investigator he indicated he was a former police officer with the Imperial Police Department and with the Calexico PD, that he had left the Calexico PD “under some type of disability,” and has worked at Western Auto and the cycle center since he left his law enforcement career.
*45 On information and belief, counsel alleged Torres was considered to be a problem officer with the Calexico PD, that he had “deliberately embellished and/or fabricated facts and circumstances surrounding his arrests with the Calexico [PD, and] that none of the other police officers with the Calexico [PD] wanted anything to do with him and that he brought on many problems with [City] as a result of his actions.” It was counsel’s understanding that Torres was asked to leave the Calexico PD and “given an ultimatum that unless he left he would be either charged with misconduct or would have been fired.” It was also counsel’s belief that there were grievances and other complaints that had been filed either by fellow police officers or citizens regarding Torres, some of which had been investigated, the results of which were unknown to counsel who did not have access to such information. Based upon his interview with Abatti and his investigator’s interview with Torres, counsel further believed that Torres “has embellished and misstated [facts] in his statements to the Attorney General’s office regarding [Abatti’s conduct and] statements to [him] at the [cycle center].” Counsel, therefore, sought an in camera inspection to determine whether there was any information in Torres’s police officer personnel files that showed reports of misconduct or psychological records which would show he may have misstated or fabricated facts on previous occasions. The motion was served on the Attorney General, the Calexico PD, and City’s attorney.
City responded for the Calexico PD in opposition to the Pitchess motion, noting Torres had worked as a police officer between October 1, 1983, and January 1, 1991, making his last date of employment with Calexico PD over 12 years ago. City thus claimed none of Torres’s records were discoverable as they were not within the five-year limitation of Evidence Code section 1045, subdivision (b). He further asserted that Abatti’s attorney had not alleged sufficient factual allegations to satisfy the good cause and materiality requirements of Evidence Code section 1043, and that no compelling need had been shown for any psychological records.
In supplemental points and authorities, the defense argued “[t]he fact . . . Torres is no longer a police officer with the Calexico [PD] does not bar discovery of his police officer personnel records and complaints that were made against him while he was a police officer [as] this information is discoverable under both Evidence Code Section 1045 and
[Brady]
pursuant to
[City of Los Angeles v. Superior Court
(2002)
At the March 28, 2003 hearing on the motion, defense counsel clarified that this was not the typical
Pitchess
request seeking police officer personnel records regarding a police officer’s activities with a defendant in a case. Counsel represented that his investigator had discovered Torres “may have had some problems while he was a police officer with [City].” Because such information could impeach Torres at trial, counsel argued the information fell under
Brady
and was not barred by the five-year limitation as recognized in
City of Los Angeles.
Among other points, counsel also noted that
People
v.
Superior Court
(Gremminger) (1997)
To determine whether the matter was moot, the court asked the custodian of the Calexico PD records, Lieutenant James Neujahr, to take the stand. Neujahr testified he had searched Torres’s personnel records with Calexico PD, which he had brought with him that day, and “[a]s far as complaints go, there are no complaints.” Neujahr explained, “Department policy requires that we destroy records involving complaints after five years. If they are a current employee of the Department, we’ll maintain the records for a longer period of time. When a person is no longer a member of the Department, any records of complaints are destroyed after the five-year period.”
On cross-examination, when asked if there were any disciplinary records in Torres’s personnel files, Neujahr responded, “I’m aware—that’s my problem, is definition, because I am aware of counseling memos. But those don’t, by our range of discipline, rise to a disciplinary action, but there are memos addressing deficiencies.”
After hearing further argument, the court denied the motion, stating: “In the moving papers, counsel says that he is informed and believes, and there are allegations that the witness was considered to be a problem officer. He is informed and believes that he deliberately embellished, fabricated facts and circumstances surrounding the arrest and that, quote, none of the other officers wanted anything to do with him. He brought many problems to the City. He was asked to leave. [][] There is a declaration of conclusions and beliefs, but there [are] no facts alleged to support those conclusions or those beliéfs. There is no source of information given. This is a bare declaration *47 supporting a request for records that, to the degree that they exist at all, are far beyond the five-year limitation provided in the act. That, coupled with the very bare declaration and supporting facts, leaves the Court to find there is no showing of materiality and the motion is denied.”
Subsequently, on April 1, 2003, Abatti filed another motion for pretrial discovery under Pitchess, but tailored under Brady, for an in camera review for exculpatory evidence contained in the “counseling memos” in Torres’s personnel records with the Calexico PD which had been testified about at the first Pitchess hearing. In addition to reiterating the facts stated in his declaration for the first motion, defense counsel then stated that as part of his investigation he had contacted “current members of the Calexico [PD] to find out what type of officer Mr. Torres was when he was a police officer with the Calexico [PD]. These officers have indicated to me that they do not want their names disclosed for fear of some type of retribution if their identities were disclosed regarding providing a defense attorney information regarding a former police officer with the department. Nevertheless, I have been informed and belie[ve] and allege herein that Mr. Torres deliberately embellished and or fabricated facts and circumstances surrounding his arrests with the Calexico [PD] and that none of the other police officers with the Calexico [PD] wanted anything to do with him and that he brought on many problems for [City] in terms of potential liability claims as a result of his actions and it is my understanding that Mr. Torres was asked to leave the Calexico [PD] and was given an ultimatum that unless he left he would be either charged with misconduct or would have been subject to some disciplinary proceeding. This is what’s borne out during the testimony of the custodian of records of the Calexico [PD] when he testified on March 28, 2003. In my conversations with the Calexico [PD] officers that I spoke to, I am informed that these counseling memos will bear upon the credibility of [Torres] and whether he is a truthful individual. It is my understanding that he was accused of acts of moral turpitude that may go to his credibility as a police officer and that this was one of the reasons the Calexico [PD] had urged him to submit a resignation rather than being subject to a disciplinary proceeding.”
No written response was filed to this second motion. At the April 16, 2003 hearing, City relied upon its response to the first motion and advised the court that the custodian of records was also present for the hearing. After hearing further argument, the court asked the deputy attorney general prosecuting the case to speak on behalf of the People regarding the merits of the motion. The prosecutor thought the declaration in support of the motion was vague, ambiguous and conclusional, without stating any specific instances of misconduct, lying or lack of credibility. He also noted that Brady was the prosecutor’s obligation, not the court’s, and represented the People did not believe there was anything in counsel’s declaration to support review of the counseling memos for exculpatory information. After questioning whether *48 Torres should have been given notice of the motion, the court took the matter under submission, saying it was going to have to read City of Los Angeles because it was “a little bit confused on how we get Pitchess action to Brady material where Brady material was Pitchess relief.”
On April 18, 2003, the trial judge ruled on the record: “The Court has read the cases cited and reread the moving papers. I even revisited the previous motion under Pitchess. It’s my view that the motion does not state sufficient grounds for relief on a couple of grounds. [j[] First of all, this is sort of a hybrid, and the real party [in] interest, the holder of the privilege, is not represented as required under [Evidence Code section] 10[43]. And I don’t think it’s shown to be proper Brady material even if it were shown that there was some nexus between the third-party Calexico [PD] and the witness, therefore the motion is denied.”
The court thereafter permitted defense counsel and the prosecutor to more fully expand on their positions regarding the motion. The trial judge then clarified for purposes of “appeal or writ” that he found “that the threshold has not been met for good cause. And trying to sort out this hybrid motion, both in terms of the good cause threshold and the ultimate information to be concluded, you have a[n Evidence Code section] 10 [45] which counsel really is relying on, ultimately [that section] is defective on two bases. Number one is that the interested party is not served. Number two, it’s beyond the Evidence Code section 10[45’s] five-year limitation, it’s presumptive, [f] In using the Brady material to open up that time, you still are talking about asking for counseling memos which are, by definition, conclusions and investigations which are not discoverable.”
Abatti filed the instant petition for a peremptory writ of mandate or prohibition on April 30, 2003. On May 7, 2003, we stayed the trial scheduled to begin May 20, 2003, pending further order of this court, and directed the real parties in interest to file informal responses to the petition. On May 9, 2003, we ordered the custodian of personnel records for the Calexico PD not to destroy Torres’s personnel records pending disposition of this writ proceeding. After reviewing the informal responses from the City and the People, on May 28, 2003, we issued an order to show cause why the relief requested should not be granted. We additionally invited ADI and the California District Attorneys Association “to submit amici curiae briefs on or before 30 days from the [May 28, 2003] order,” specifically giving the parties time to respond to any such amici curiae briefs.
The People requested oral argument on the matter and ADI filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of Abatti on July 14, 2003, which has been responded to by the People and supplemented by Abatti.
*49 DISCUSSION
Before turning to our background discussion for a hybrid
Pitchess/Brady
motion and our analysis of the contentions in light of such principles, we note that writ review is appropriate because Abatti has sought relief from a discovery order which could undermine his right to present a defense because appellate remedies are not adequate to cure the erroneous denial of disclosure of information, and general guidelines appear to be necessary for the lower courts.
(People v. Superior Court (Mouchaourab)
(2000)
A. The Statutory Background for Pitchess Motions
It is well settled that, “[I]n 1978, the California Legislature codified the privileges and procedures surrounding what had come to be known as
‘Pitchess
motions’ [citation] through the enactment of Penal Code sections 832.7 and 832.8 and Evidence Code sections 1043 through 1045.”
(City of Santa Cruz v. Municipal Court
(1989)
As the court in CHP noted, Evidence Code sections 1043 and 1045 “establish a two-step procedure for discovery of peace officer personnel records by a criminal defendant. First, section 1043 requires the defendant to file a written motion for discovery of peace officer personnel records [and written notice to the governmental agency which has custody of the records sought. 3 ] The motion must include ‘[a] description of the type of records or information sought,’ supported by ‘affidavits showing good cause for the discovery or disclosure sought, setting forth the materiality thereof to the subject matter involved in the pending litigation and stating upon reasonable belief that such governmental agency identified has the records or information *50 from the records.’ [Citations.] ....[!] The second step is reached after [a] defendant makes a showing of good cause for the discovery. [Citation.]” (CHP, supra, 84 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1019-1020.)
That second step is an in camera “examination of the [potentially relevant] records [in accordance with Evidence Code section 915] to determine whether they have any relevance to the issues presented in the current proceedings.”
(City of San Jose v. Superior Court
(1998)
*51
With respect to the “materiality” element of Evidence Code section 1043, subdivision (b)’s “good cause” requirement, the Supreme Court has observed that “a criminal defendant’s right to discovery is based on the ‘fundamental proposition that [an accused] is entitled to a fair trial and an intelligent defense in light of all relevant and reasonably accessible information.’ [Citation.]
Pitchess
made it clear that ‘an accused . . . may compel discovery by demonstrating that the requested information will facilitate the ascertainment of the facts and a fair trial.’ [Citation.] In contrast to the detailed showing required by some civil discovery statutes [citation], the requisite showing in a criminal matter ‘may be satisfied by general allegations which establish some cause for discovery’ other than a mere desire for all information in the possession of the prosecution. [Citation.] The information sought must, however, be ‘requested with adequate specificity to preclude the possibility that defendant is engaging in a “fishing expedition.” ’ ”
(City of Santa Cruz, supra,
49 Cal.3d at pp. 84-85.) The high court clarified in
City of Santa Cruz
that a showing of “good cause” under Evidence Code sections 1043 and 1045 requires a defendant “to demonstrate the relevance of the requested information by providing a ‘specific factual scenario’ which establishes a ‘plausible factual foundation’ for the allegations of officer misconduct committed in connection with defendant. [Citations.]”
(CHP, supra,
The court in City of Santa Cruz also held that because Evidence Code section 1043 contains no requirement of “personal knowledge” on the part of the declarant or affiant, a declaration by counsel on information and belief is sufficient to state facts to satisfy the “materiality” component of that section. (City of Santa Cruz, supra, 49 Cal.3d at pp. 86-89.) The court further concluded that Evidence Code section 1043, subdivision (b) does not require personal knowledge of particular prior complaints or information, but only the reasonable belief that certain records may contain such earlier complaints or information. (City of Santa Cruz, supra, 49 Cal.3d at pp. 89-93.)
Once a court determines in camera that a defendant has shown the records contain “information [that] is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending litigation,”
(Mooc, supra,
*52 B. Brady Disclosure
Although a criminal defendant does not have a general constitutional right to discovery
(Weatherford
v.
Bursey
(1977)
In
In re Brown
(1998)
“Although
Brady
disclosure issues may arise ‘in advance of,’ ‘during,’ or ‘after trial’ [citation], the test is always the same. [Citation.]
Brady
materiality is a ‘constitutional standard’ required to ensure that nondisclosure will not ‘result in the denial of defendant’s [due process] right to a fair trial.’ [Citation.]”
(City of Los Angeles, supra,
The constitutional duty under
Brady
requiring the prosecution to disclose exculpatory evidence to a criminal defendant is independent from its statutory duty under Penal Code section 1054.1, subdivision (e)
(Izazaga v. Superior Court
(1991)
The scope of this prosecutorial obligation to disclose “extends beyond the contents of the prosecutor’s case file and encompasses the duty to ascertain as well as divulge ‘any favorable evidence known to the others acting on the government’s behalf . . . .’ [Citation.] Courts have thus consistently ‘decline[d] “to draw a distinction between different agencies under the same government, focusing instead upon the ‘prosecution team’ which includes both investigative and prosecutorial personnel.” ’ [Citation..]”
(In re Brown, supra,
However, as we noted in
People
v.
Superior Court (Barrett)
(2000)
C. City of Los Angeles
In
City of Los Angeles, supra,
In upholding the constitutionality of Evidence Code section 1045, subdivision (b)(1), which was challenged as violating due process under Brady, the court in City of Los Angeles found that “no fundamental principles of justice are implicated” by the five-year limitation upon disclosure because “[j]ust as due process does not prohibit a law enforcement agency from [routinely] destroying records of citizen complaints that are more than five years old and whose exculpatory value to a specific case is not readily apparent, [Evidence Code] section 1045[, subdivision] (b)(1)’s five-year limitation on court-ordered discovery of such complaints does not, on its face, violate due process.” In so holding, our high court noted it did “not suggest that a prosecutor who discovers facts underlying an old complaint of officer misconduct, records of which have been destroyed, has no Brady disclosure obligation.” (City of Los Angeles, supra, 29 Cal.4th at pp. 11-12.) It also noted that the Attorney General, appearing as amicus curiae in that case, agreed with such assessment that, “regardless of whether records have been destroyed, the prosecutor still has a duty to seek and assess such information and to disclose it if it is constitutionally material.” (Ibid., fn. omitted.)
The court in
City of Los Angeles
further found that the five-year statutory time limitation of Evidence Code section 1045, subdivision (b)(1) was not an absolute bar to disclosure.
(City of Los Angeles, supra, 29
Cal.4th
*55
at p. 13.) The court reasoned that this was so because “[o]ur state statutory scheme allowing defense discovery of certain officer personnel records creates both a broader and lower threshold for disclosure than does the high court’s decision in
Brady
.... Unlike,
Brady,
California’s
Pitchess
discovery scheme entitles a defendant to information that will ‘facilitate the ascertainment of the facts’ at trial [citation], that is, ‘all information pertinent to the defense’ [citation].”
(Id.
at p. 14.) The court agreed with the Attorney General that the “ ‘
“Pitchess
process” operates in parallel with
Brady
and does not prohibit the disclosure of
Brady
information.’ ”
(Ibid.)
The court noted it had “recently explained in
[Mooc, supra,
Our high court found instructive the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Pennsylvania v. Ritchie
(1987)
The court in City of Los Angeles found that “[u]nder Ritchie, a trial court that in response to a criminal defendant’s discovery motion undertakes an in chambers review of confidential documents can, if the documents contain information whose use at trial could be dispositive on either guilt or punishment, order their disclosure. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 15.) In a footnote, the court clarified that it was not suggesting that trial courts “must routinely review information that is contained in peace officer personnel files and is more than five years old to ascertain whether Brady . . . requires its disclosure.” (Id. at p. 15, fn. 3.)
In Justice Brown’s concurring opinion in
City of Los Angeles,
she noted that reliance on
Ritchie
for trial court in camera review of confidential peace officer records for
Brady
material would be misplaced if “a prosecutor, seeking to comply with
Brady,
to review the personnel records of a police officer who is a witness in a criminal case,” were permitted access to such files under some exception to the
Pitchess
procedures.
(City of Los Angeles, supra,
D. Application of These Principles to This Case
Before applying the above principles to the instant case, we address several matters raised by the court’s reasons for its ruling and the appellate arguments of the parties. In addition to finding no materiality under either Brady or Pitchess for disclosure of the counseling memos in former Officer Torres’s personnel files had been shown, the court also found the fact Torres had not been given notice of the motion was fatal and questioned whether the fact he was not a currently employed police officer had any bearing on the matter.
As to notice, Evidence Code section 1043 requires written notice of a motion to produce records on the agency who holds the records, which in this case was the Calexico PD. That notice was accomplished by service of the two
Pitchess
motions upon City. However, Evidence Code section 1043 also mandates that the agency must notify the individual whose records are sought, and specifies that without such notice, no hearing shall be held. (Evid. Code, § 1043, subds. (a) & (c).) In
City and County of San Francisco v. Superior Court
(1993)
Here, the court heard and denied Abatti’s first Pitchess motion without concern whether Torres had been served. Although the court mentioned that the lack of notice to Torres was fatal to Abatti’s second hybrid Pitchess/Brady motion, it nevertheless heard the matter even though City, which represented the Calexico PD, had not fulfilled its mandated duty to give Torres notice under Evidence Code section 1043, subdivision (a). Before the trial court conducts the in camera hearing we order below, the court should thus ensure that City has given Torres notice of that hearing.
Additionally, regarding the court’s concern that Torres is not a current police officer, as the court in
Davis v. City of Sacramento
(1994)
As to the People’s claim the agency from which the records are sought are not part of the prosecution team for which they have a
Brady
duty to disclose, we are mindful that this court in
Barrett, supra,
Further, the question before us does not involve the prosecutorial duty to disclose. As the court in
Ritchie
noted, a defendant has a due process right to gain access to material exculpatory evidence for the preparation of a defense.
(Ritchie, supra,
To answer this, we turn to our application of the above principles regarding Pitchess, Brady, and in City of Los Angeles to the instant case. Having done so, we are satisfied Abatti has established sufficient materiality under Brady or good cause under Pitchess for the information requested to trigger an in camera review and, therefore, hold the court failed to apply the proper standards when it refused to conduct such an inspection.
Abatti was charged with assault with a deadly weapon, to wit, a vehicle, which he allegedly used to strike the back of Saiz’s vehicle and run him off a dirt road into a drainage ditch causing him injuries. As noted above, defense counsel’s declaration on information and belief showed Torres, a former police officer, was on the prosecution witness list for trial and, if called, would testify to certain admissions that were allegedly made by Abatti regarding his presence at the crime scene which would incriminate him. Because Abatti was claiming he was not present at the crime scene and had not made those admissions to Torres, counsel’s declaration alleged Torres had lied in his statements to police or prosecution investigators about his conversation with Abatti at the cycle center regarding Abatti’s presence at the scene of the crime. Counsel represented that Torres had also lied when he had told Abatti’s investigator he had left his law enforcement employment with City due to a disability, because counsel had information from various current Calexico police officers, who did not want their identities disclosed for fear of retribution, that the counseling memos will show Torres was asked to resign from his employment with the Calexico PD for accusations of acts of moral
*59
turpitude rather than face disciplinary proceedings or charges of misconduct. The unnamed police officers had also told counsel that Torres had deliberately embellished and or fabricated facts and circumstances surrounding his arrests with the Calexico PD, that none of the other officers wanted anything to do with Torres, and Torres had brought many problems to the Calexico PD that could cause potential liability claims as a result of his conduct. Counsel averred such information in the counseling memos of prior acts of dishonesty involved in falsely reporting or embellishing the facts and circumstances surrounding his arrests for the Calexico PD would show Torres’s character, habit and custom of dishonesty and bear on his credibility which was relevant to whether Torres had made a false report or embellished his conversation with Abatti to the police or prosecution investigators regarding the instant crime.
7
Thus, the declarations established a “plausible factual foundation” for allegations Torres was untruthful in his report of the encounter with Abatti to the police or prosecution, put the court on notice Torres’s credibility would likely be an issue at trial, and articulated a valid theory of how the requested information might be admissible, i.e., as impeachment evidence.
(City of Santa Cruz, supra,
*60
Because the trial court found otherwise based on what it perceived was an improper declaration based on information and belief of counsel that did not ask for discoverable information under Evidence Code section 1045, it abused its discretion in denying Abatti’s
Pitchess/Brady
motion without conducting an in camera hearing to examine the counseling memos in accordance with Evidence Code section 915 to determine whether they contain information relevant to the issues presented in this case.
(City of Los Angeles, supra,
In light of finding an abuse of discretion, we grant Abatti’s petition, directing the trial court to vacate its April 18, 2003 order denying his hybrid
Pitchess/Brady
motion and to conduct an in camera review of the counseling memos in Torres’s police officer records in accordance with the procedures set forth in
Mooc, supra,
DISPOSITION
Let a writ issue directing the superior court to vacate its order of April 18, 2003, and to conduct an in camera review of the counseling memos of former police officer Torres consistent with the views expressed in this opinion. This decision will become final as to this court 10 days after it is filed. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 24(b).) 9 At that time, the stay issued by this court on May 7, 2003, will be vacated.
McDonald, J., and McIntyre, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied September 29, 2003, and the petition of real parties in interest for review by the Supreme Court was denied November 12, 2003.
Notes
Brady v. Maryland
(1963)
Although our Supreme Court in
Alford
v.
Superior Court
(2003)
Subdivision (a) of Evidence Code section 1043 also provides that “[u]pon receipt of the notice the governmental agency served shall immediately notify the individual whose records are sought.”
Subdivision (b) of Evidence Code section 1045 specifically excludes from disclosure: “(1) Information consisting of complaints concerning conduct occurring more than five years before the event or transaction that is the subject of the litigation in aid of which discovery or disclosure is sought, [f] (2) In any criminal proceeding the conclusions of any officer investigating a complaint filed pursuant to Section 832.5 of the Penal Code. ['][] (3) Facts sought to be disclosed which are so remote as to make disclosure of little or no practical benefit.”
Subdivision (c) of Evidence Code section 1045 provides that “where the issue in litigation concerns the policies or pattern of conduct of the employing agency, the court shall consider whether the information sought may be obtained from other records . . . which would not necessitate the disclosure of individual personnel records.” Subdivision (d) of Evidence Code section 1045 provides for a discretionary protective order when the governmental agency “seasonably” requests and shows good cause for one, while subdivision (e) of that section mandates a protective order in every case where discovery is permitted under Evidence Code section 1043, limiting such discovery to use only in “a court proceeding pursuant to applicable law.”
As the court in
City of Santa Cruz,
stated: “The statutory scheme thus carefully balances two directly conflicting interests: the peace officer’s just claim to confidentiality, and the criminal defendant’s equally compelling interest in all information pertinent to his defense. The relatively relaxed standards for a showing of good cause under [Evidence Code] section 1043, subdivision (b)—‘materiality’ to the subject matter of the pending litigation and a ‘reasonable belief’ that the agency has the type of information sought—insure production for inspection of all potentially relevant documents. The in camera review procedure and disclosure guidelines set forth in [Evidence Code] section 1045 guarantee, in turn, a balancing of the officer’s privacy interests against the defendant’s need for disclosure.”
(City of Santa Cruz, supra,
49
*51
Cal.3d at p. 84; see also
People
v.
Jackson
(1996)
Abatti was “not required to furnish additional ‘foundational facts’ about the information he sought in his motion. [Citation.] Since [he] did not have access to [the counseling memos], he was not in a position to know whether [the information in them] in fact established the custom, habit, intent, motive or plan which he alleged. [Citation.] To require specificity in this regard would place an accused in the Catch-22 position of having to allege with particularity the very information he is seeking. Neither the Evidence Code nor
Pitchess
was intended to be applied in this manner.”
(People v. Memro
(1985)
Contrary to the People’s argument that because other witnesses independent of Torres can testify to Abatti’s presence at the scene of the crime Torres cannot be considered a material witness, the crucial factors to a proper
Brady
analysis of “materiality” set out in
In re Brown, supra,
See
Ng v. Superior Court
(1992)