A SOCIETY WITHOUT A NAME, For People Without A Home, Millennium Future-Present, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Commonwealth of VIRGINIA, trading as Virginia Commonwealth University; City of Richmond, Virginia; Homeward, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 10-1437.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued: March 23, 2011. Decided: Aug. 24, 2011.
655 F.3d 342
Before MOTZ and WYNN, Circuit Judges, and RONALD LEE GILMAN, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
Affirmed by published opinion. Senior Judge GILMAN wrote the majority opinion. Judge MOTZ wrote a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. Judge WYNN wrote a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
OPINION
GILMAN, Senior Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff-Appellant A Society Without a Name, For People Without A Home Millennium Future-Present (ASWAN) is an unincorporated association made up of homeless and formerly hоmeless people that advocates for their rights. On February 17, 2009, ASWAN sued defendants-appellees Commonwealth of Virginia, doing business as Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), City of Richmond (City), Homeward, a Virginia nonprofit corporation, and unidentified John Doe(s). It alleged that the defendants had conspired to establish the Conrad Center on Oliver Hill Way, a site removed from Richmond‘s downtown community, for the purpose of reducing the presence of the homeless population in the downtown area by providing services for them in a remote
ASWAN claimed that the relocation of homeless services to the Conrad Center violated
I. Background
ASWAN filed suit in Virginia state court, but Homeward removed the action to federal court in accordance with
In addition to claiming that the defendants’ actions violated the ADA, the FHA, and
In response to ASWAN‘s complaint, all of the defendants filed motions to dismiss, arguing, among other things, that ASWAN‘s complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and/or that the claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations. The magistrate judge assigned to the case recommended that the motions be granted for the following reasons:
- ASWAN‘s conspiracy claim under
42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) should be dismissed “because it is comprised of conclusory allegations unsupported by concrete facts” and therefore fails to state a plausible conspiracy claim. - ASWAN‘S ADA, FHA, equal-protection, and
§ 1983 claims should be dismissed because they fall outside the applicable statute of limitations. - ASWAN‘S claim that VCU retaliated against ASWAN for bringing this suit in violation of the ADA should be dismissed because (1) ASWAN failed to allege the necessary elements of a retaliation claim, and (2) VCU was not obligated to help pay the cost of transporting homeless people to and from the Conrad Center, so VCU‘s withdrawal of its earlier promise to help pay these transportation costs, which occurred after ASWAN filed suit, does
not amount to a discriminatory act or an adverse action.
The district court adopted the magistrate judge‘s Report and Recommendation in its entirety and dismissed ASWAN‘s lawsuit. ASWAN now appeals.
II. Analysis
A. Standard of review
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, ‘to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.‘” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). A court decides whether this standard is met by separating the legal conclusions from the factual allegations, assuming the truth of only the factual allegations, and then determining whether those allegations allow the court to reasonably infer that “the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 1949-50. In other words, the fаctual allegations (taken as true) must “permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct.” Id. at 1950.
Facts pled that are “merely consistent with” liability are not sufficient. Id. at 1949 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, [similarly] do not suffice,” because “we are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Id. at 1949-50 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In addition, where a conspiracy is alleged, the plaintiff must plead facts amounting to more than “parallel conduct and a bare assertion of conspiracy.... Without more, parallel conduct does not suggest conspiracy, and a conclusory allegation of agreement at some unidentified point does not supply facts adequate to show illegality.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57 (reasoning that allegations of parallel conduct were insufficient to state a claim for a conspiracy under the Sherman Act). The factual allegations must plausibly suggest agreement, rather than being merely consistent with agreement. Id. at 557.
B. Conspiracy claim under § 1985(3)
The first issue on appeal is whether ASWAN‘s complaint stated a valid
(1) a conspiracy of two or more persons, (2) who are motivated by a specific class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus to (3) deprive the plaintiff of the equal enjoyment of rights secured by the law to all, (4) and which results in injury to the plaintiff as (5) a consequence of an overt act committed by the defendants in connection with the conspiracy.
Simmons v. Poe, 47 F.3d 1370, 1376 (4th Cir.1995). Moreover, the plaintiff “must show an agreement or a meeting of the minds by [the] defendants to violate the [plaintiff‘s] constitutional rights.” Id. at 1377 (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]e have specifically rejected section 1985 claims whenеver the purported conspiracy is alleged in a merely conclusory manner, in the absence of concrete supporting facts.” Id.
ASWAN alleges that a conspiracy has existed since at least 1995 to “segregate homeless people and to reduce the visibility of black homeless people and ADA protected people and handicapped homeless people from Richmond‘s mainstream, its downtown,” which includes VCU‘s main campus and the surrounding majority-white neighborhoods. But on the
ASWAN‘s claim that the defendants conspired to force homeless people out of downtown Richmond by relocating homeless services to Oliver Hill Way fails because it is comprised almost entirely of conclusory allegations unsupported by concrete facts. For example, the allegations that “Doe(s) and the City entered into a conspiracy” and that “Homeward was created as part of the conspiracy and ... became part of the conspiracy” are “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” and are therefore not sufficient to state a claim. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949-50.
As the magistrate judge found, “ASWAN fails to allege with any specificity the persons who agreed to the alleged conspiracy, the specific communications amongst the conspirators, or the manner in which any such communications were made.” The allegations are thus insufficient to support a meeting of the minds by the defendants. At most, ASWAN‘s allegations amount to “parallel conduct and a bare assertion of a conspiracy.” See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556. This is not enough to survive a motion to dismiss.
C. ADA, § 1983 , and equal-protection claims
The next issue is whether ASWAN‘S ADA,
Title II of the ADA does not contain a statute of limitations. Although “Congress enacted a catchall 4-year statute of limitations for actions arising under federal statutes enacted after December 1, 1990,” Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 541 U.S. 369, 371, 124 S.Ct. 1836, 158 L.Ed.2d 645 (2004) (citing
The district court concluded that Virginia‘s one-year limitations period for claims under the Virginia Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (hereafter, the Virginia Disabilities Act),
This court has not previously determined what limitations period governs ADA claims brought in Virginia. But we have held that the Virginia Disabilities Act provides the limitations period for claims brought under the Federal Rehabilitation Act in Virginia because of the similarities between these acts. Wolsky v. Med. Coll. of Hampton Roads, 1 F.3d 222, 225 (4th Cir.1993). And we have held that we apply the same substantive analysis to both the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act “[b]ecause the language of the two statutеs is substantially the same.” Doe v. Univ. of Md. Med. Sys. Corp., 50 F.3d 1261, 1264 n. 9 (4th Cir.1995).
With regard to the
The applicable statute of limitatiоns begins to run once a claim accrues, and federal law controls that determination. Cox v. Stanton, 529 F.2d 47, 50 (4th Cir.1975). A civil rights claim accrues when the plaintiff “knows or has reason to know of the injury which is the basis of the action.” Id. At the very latest, ASWAN knew or should have known of its purported injury stemming from the alleged conspiracy to relocate homeless services from downtown to Oliver Hill Way when the Conrad Center opened on February 5, 2007. So even for the claims with a two-year limitations period, ASWAN‘s suit should have been filed no later than February 5, 2009. Because ASWAN‘s complaint was not filed until February 17, 2009, those claims are time barred.
ASWAN attempts to avoid this result by claiming that certain acts of the defendants constituted a continuing violation of the ADA. “In general, to establish a continuing violation[,] the plaintiff must establish that the unconstitutional or illegal act was a fixed and continuing practice.” Nat‘l Adver. Co. v. City of Raleigh, 947 F.2d 1158, 1166 (4th Cir.1991) (brackets, ellipses, and internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, if the plaintiff can show that the illegal act did not occur just once, but rather “in a series of separate acts[,] and if the same alleged violation was committed at the time of each act, then the limitations period begins anew with each violation.” Id. at 1167 (internal quotation marks omitted). But continual unlawful acts are distinguishable from the continuing ill effects of an original violation because the latter do not constitute a continuing violation. Id. at 1166.
ASWAN claims that the following actions constitute a continuing violation of the ADA: (1) VCU‘s withdrawal of its promise to help pay the cost of transporting homeless people to and from the Conrad Center, which withdrawal was allegedly made in retaliation for ASWAN‘s filing the present lawsuit; (2) the attempt by VCU and Homeward in 2009 to persuade various organizations to relocate feeding programs from Monroe Park to the Conrad Center; and (3) the City‘s communication to homeless people in 2009 that they would need to travel to the Conrad Center to sign up for the downtown overnight shelter.
The first action does not establish a continuing violation because it is an allegation of an entirely new violation—a retaliation claim instead of a discrimination claim. See id. at 1167 (concluding that a continuing violation requires that “the same alleged violation was committed at the time of each act” (internal quotation
D. FHA claims
We will now address whether the district court erred in dismissing ASWAN‘s FHA claims. The district court determined that ASWAN‘S FHA claims, which have a two-year statute of limitations, see
ASWAN responds by arguing that the accrual date for its FHA claims is not the opening of the Conrad Center in February 2007, but rather when the Center first offered intake services to the homeless that allowed them to sign up for the overnight shelter that continued to be located downtown. This took place in April 2007. ASWAN alleges that the relocation of the intake services violated the FHA by running afoul of the statutory sections that prohibit discrimination in the provision of housing services. See
There are two problems with ASWAN‘s argument. One is that the time gap between the opening of the Conrad Center and the actions complained of is not material because ASWAN knew or should have known that intake services were going to be shifted there from the very conception of the Center. In other words, the relocation of intake services is simply another continuing effect of the original decision to locate the Conrad Center on Oliver Hill Way. Indeed, ASWAN admits as much by arguing in its own brief that if the defendants had not conspired to establish the Conrad Center on Oliver Hill Way, then “there would have been no Conrad Center on Oliver Hill Way to receive relocation of the [intake services] and the City‘s processing of applications for access to overflow shelter downtown on very cold nights.”
The other problem with ASWAN‘S argument is that the intake services to sign up for overnight shelter do not constitute “services” within the meaning of the FHA. As explained by this court in Jersey Heights:
The Fair Housing Act‘s services provision simply requires that “such things as garbage collection and other services of the kind usually provided by municipalities” not be denied on a discriminatory basis. [Mackey v. Nationwide Ins. Cos., 724 F.2d 419, 424 (4th Cir.1984).] It does not extend to every activity having any conceivable effect on neighborhood residents. See id. (hazard insurance is not a “service“); Clifton Terrace Assocs., Ltd. v. United Techs. Corp., 929 F.2d 714, 720 (D.C.Cir.1991) (elevator manufacturer is not a provider of “services“); Southend Neighborhood Improvement Ass‘n [v. St. Clair County, 743 F.2d 1207, 1210 (7th Cir.1984)]
(maintenance of county-owned neighborhood property is not a “service“); Laramore v. Illinois Sports Facilities Auth., 722 F.Supp. 443, 452 (N.D.Ill.1989) (stadium site selection is not the provision of a “service“). “To say that every discriminatory municipal policy is prohibited by the Fair Housing Act would be to expand that Act to a civil rights statute of general applicability rather than one dealing with the specific problems of fair housing opportunities.” Clifton Terrace Assocs., 929 F.2d at 720 (quoting Vercher v. Harrisburg Housing Auth., 454 F.Supp. 423, 424 (M.D.Pa.1978)).
Although Jersey Heights dealt with the meaning of “services” in
Intake services to sign up for a homeless shelter are simply not within the type of services covered by the FHA because they are unlike “services generally provided by governmental units such as police and fire protection or garbage collection.” See Southend, 743 F.2d at 1210. Indeed, in the present case, the intake services are provided by Catholic Charities, a nonprofit organization, and not by any governmental unit. Because the intake services in question do not fall within the ambit of the FHA, ASWAN‘s FHA claims are barred by the two-year statute of limitations and, more fundamentally, they fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
E. Retaliation claim under the ADA
The final issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in dismissing ASWAN‘s ADA retaliation claim against VCU. ASWAN contends that VCU retaliated against ASWAN by retracting VCU‘s earlier promise to help pay the cost of transporting homeless people to and from the Conrad Center.
The ADA‘s retaliation provision provides, in relevant part, that “[n]o person shall discriminate against any individual because such individual ... made a charge ... under this Chapter.”
As ASWAN admits, however, VCU was under no obligation to help pay the cost of transporting homeless people to and from the Conrad Center. And retracting a gratuitous promise does not amount to a discriminatory act or an adverse action. See Stiltner v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 74 F.3d 1473, 1482-84 (4th Cir.1996) (en banc) (holding that the employer‘s revocation оf gratuitous healthcare benefits did not violate ERISA‘s anti-retaliation provision). Although Stiltner involves ERISA‘s anti-retaliation provision (
Because VCU‘s alleged promise to help pay the cost of transporting homeless people to and from the Conrad Center is gratuitous, VCU‘s retraction of this promise does not amount to an adverse action. We therefore conclude that the district court properly dismissed ASWAN‘s ADA retaliation claim against VCU.
III. Conclusion
For all of the reason set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED
DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur in Judge Gilman‘s opinion with one exception. In my view, the text of the ADA and controlling precedent require the conclusion that ASWAN has alleged a cognizable ADA retaliation claim against VCU. ASWAN may not be able to prove this claim, but it should have been afforded the opportunity to do so. My colleagues err in affirming the district court‘s dismissal of this claim.
I.
On February 17, 2009, ASWAN filed its first complaint in state court. After defendants removed the case to federal court and filed motions to dismiss, the district judge denied the motions without prejudice but ordered ASWAN to clarify the complaint in separately numbered counts identifying the “specific statute alleged to have been violated.”
On November 19, 2009, ASWAN filed its second amended complaint and in it alleges a retaliation claim against VCU in separately numbered counts and identifies the ADA as the source of this cause of action. Specifically, ASWAN alleges that sometime in 2008 or 2009, the Daily Planet (an affiliate of ASWAN) acquired a passenger van to transport homeless peoplе from downtown to the Conrad Center; many of these homeless people were disabled. ASWAN alleges that VCU agreed to “provide some funding to the Daily Planet” to offset a portion of these transportation costs. ASWAN further alleges that after it filed its original complaint in February 2009, VCU retracted its “agreement” with the Daily Planet in order to “punish” ASWAN by (1) “depriving its members ... of the benefit of transportation“; and (2) “showing” ASWAN that “its decision to file a civil rights lawsuit against VCU had backfired, hurting the very homeless people” ASWAN seeks to serve.
II.
The ADA provides that “[n]o person shall discriminate against any individual because such individual has opposed any act or practice made unlawful by [the ADA].”
VCU does not maintain that it arrived at its decision not to provide funding for transportation to the Conrad Center independent from this lawsuit. Rather, VCU conceded at oral argument that there was a “causal link” between its decision not to honor the transportation funding agreement and the filing of this lawsuit by ASWAN. See also Hunt-Golliday v. Metro. Water Reclamation Dist. of Greater Chi., 104 F.3d 1004, 1011 (7th Cir.1997) (holding “suspicious timing” as “circumstantial” evi-
VCU‘s principal contention on appeal is that ASWAN lacked any “reasonable, good faith belief” that VCU violated the ADA and that ASWAN‘s lawsuit therefore did not constitute the sort of activity protected by the ADA. As a fallback position, VCU asserts that its agreement to fund transportation to the Daily Planet constitutes a gratuitous benefit and so its decision to withdraw this benefit cannot amount to unlawful retaliation.
Given that the majority relies on VCU‘s fallback position, I first address that argument and then VCU‘s principal argument on this point.
III.
Five years ago, in the Title VII context, the Supreme Court interpreted precisely the same language as that at issue here—“discriminated against“—and held that it “refers to distinctions or differences in treatment that injure protected individuals.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 59, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006). The Court explained that Congress intended this broad language to “prevent[]” a public entity from “interfering ... with ... efforts to secure or advance enforcement of the” underlying statute. Id. at 63. The retaliation must merely be “materially adverse” to a reasonable person, i.e. sufficient to “dissuade[] a reasonable [person] from” charging discrimination. Id. at 68 (internal quotation omitted).* Ultimately, “context matters,” making discovery particularly appropriate to flesh out faсtually plausible allegations. Id. at 69.
Faithfully applying these principles seems to me to require the conclusion that ASWAN has alleged a clear case of ADA-barred retaliation. Revoking funding for transportation represents a “materially adverse” action that could dissuade a reasonable disabled homeless person from asserting his or her rights under the ADA.
Our holding in Stiltner v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 74 F.3d 1473, 1484 (4th Cir.1996) (en banc), that revocation of gratuitous benefits fails to qualify as an adverse action for purposes of ERISA‘s retaliation provision, does not counsel a different result. In Stiltner, we explained that Congress modeled ERISA‘s retaliation provision on parallel language in the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), and so we looked to the NLRA to determine the meaning of that language. Id. at 1482-84. It was this NLRA-focused inquiry that led us to conclude that revoking gratuitous benefits does not constitute adverse action for рurposes of ERISA. Id. But that holding, which we based on the labor-specific statutory context that confronted us, provides little guidance here.
In interpreting the ADA, we must look not to unrelated labor statutes, but to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. See A Helping Hand, LLC v. Baltimore County, MD, 515 F.3d 356, 362 (4th Cir.2008). Given that the ADA‘s anti-retaliation provision is identical to Title VII‘s, the standard laid out by the Supreme Court for purposes of Title VII controls in this ADA case.* See
IV.
Perhaps recognizing that its fallback argument lacks any doctrinal support, VCU principally argues that ASWAN‘s retaliation claim fails because ASWAN allegedly had no “reasonable, good faith belief” that the ADA had been violated. Freilich v. Upper Chesapeake Health, Inc., 313 F.3d 205, 216 (4th Cir.2002). Specifically, VCU contends that ASWAN could not have reasonably believed that “[1] a hill is a ‘barrier’ under the ADA; [2] filing this suit years later could prevail; [3] a donor of land can be treated like a segregating zoning authority; or [4] segregating someone from ‘the downtown mainstream’ segregates them because of a disability.” Appellee‘s Br. at 14. Each of these contentions fail.
First, governing regulations clearly prohibit public entities from “mak[ing] selections” for “determining the site or location of a facility” that “have the effect of excluding” the disabled.
Second, limitations is an affirmative defense that a defendant, not a plaintiff, must prove; ASWAN opposed an “act or practice made unlawful” by the ADA, which limitations does not necessarily bar. Moreover, no case law exists assessing whether a clearly meritorious affirmative defense negates a “reasonable, good faith belief” of an “act or practice made unlawful” by the ADA. Further, no appellate court had even settled the question of which statute of limitations applies in Virginia, making it hard for ASWAN to “reasonably believe” its claims time-barred given that the ADA itself does not prescribe a limitations period.
Third, a public entity that donates land may well be treated as a segregating zoning authority because the regulations prohibit “a public entity, in providing any aid, benefit, or service ... directly or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements,” from denying a disabled person access to the benefit.
Finally, the governing regulations also provide that a public entity may not “subject[]” a disabled person to “discrimination,” including segregationist policies.
V.
In sum, I believe ASWAN has pled allegations sufficient to state an ADA retaliation claim. Accordingly, I would reverse the contrary judgment of the district court as to that claim.
WYNN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
Like Judge Motz, I join Judge Gilman‘s conclusion that the conspiracy claim was properly dismissed because an agreement was not sufficiently alleged. I also join Judge Gilman‘s conclusion that the retaliation clаim was properly dismissed because Virginia Commonwealth University‘s (“VCU“) alleged promise to provide transportation was merely gratuitous. However, I disagree with Judge Gilman‘s and Judge Motz‘s conclusion that A Society Without A Name‘s (“ASWAN“) claims under the Fair Housing Act (“FHA“), Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA“), Equal Protection Clause, and
The majority opinion correctly observes that ASWAN‘S FHA, equal protection and
The Second Amended Complaint alleges that the systematic relocation of services—not the siting, construction or opening of the Conrad Center—is the practice that is causing homeless persons to be isolated from downtown Richmond. Therefore, I cannot join the view of the Magistrate Judge and the majority opinion that “ASWAN knew or should have known of its purported injury stemming from the alleged conspiracy to relocate homeless services from downtown to Oliver Hill Way when the Conrad Center opened on February 5, 2007.” Ante at 348.
Certainly, ASWAN suffered no discriminatory treatment by the mere construction or opening of the Conrad Center if its members could сontinue to receive needed services in the downtown, mainstream community. Rather, it is the relocation of those services, allegedly with the discriminatory motive of isolating homeless persons from downtown, that is the actionable injury. Cf. Frame v. City of Arlington, 616 F.3d 476, 489 (5th Cir.2010) (in action alleging that city‘s impassable, and thus ADA noncompliant, sidewalks and pathways inhibited access by disabled persons to city‘s services, programs or activities, statute of limitations ran from date plaintiff knew she was denied access to program, service or activity, not date pathway was constructed), reh‘g en banc granted, 632 F.3d 177 (2011); Fair Housing Council, Inc. v. Village of Olde St. Andrews, Inc., 210 Fed.Appx. 469, 480 (6th Cir.2006) (in FHA inaccessibility case, statute of limitations runs from date plaintiff attempts to rent or buy the inaccessible unit, not the date it was built).
Accordingly, the majority errs by holding that ASWAN‘s claims accrued on the date the Conrad Center opened and by dismissing the subsequent relocation of services to the Conrad Center as mere effects of its opening. As this Court has previously explained:
If the discrimination alleged is a single act, the statute begins to run at the time of the act. If, on the other hand, the statutory violation does not occur at a single moment but in a series of separate acts and if the same alleged viola-
tion was committed at the time of each act, then the limitations period begins anew with each violation and only those violations preceding the filing of the complaint by the full limitations period are foreclosed.
Nat‘l Adver. Co. v. City of Raleigh, 947 F.2d 1158, 1167 (4th Cir.1991). The limit to this rule is that subsequent effects from an earlier discriminatory act do not begin the limitations period anew; rather, “[t]he challenged action must be repeated within the statute of limitations period.” Id.; see also Jersey Heights Neighborhood Ass‘n v. Glendening, 174 F.3d 180, 189 (4th Cir. 1999) (where location of highway was alleged discriminatory act, post-construction refusals to reconsider location or to mitigate impact of highway on neighborhood were mere effects of original alleged violation); Moseke v. Miller & Smith, Inc., 202 F.Supp.2d 492, 507-08 (E.D.Va.2002) (where plaintiffs alleged that condominiums did not comply with FHA, continued existence of noncompliant features were mere effects of original noncompliant construction).
To make out a continuing violation, ASWAN must therefore allege a discrete act of discrimination—related to the larger asserted isolation effort—that occurred within the applicable limitations period. Glendening, 174 F.3d at 189. ASWAN has done so in this case by alleging that discrete acts of the defendants between 2007 and 2009 caused in piecemeal fashion the isolation of homeless persons from downtown Richmond.
Instructive on this point is Lendo v. Garrett County Board of Education, 820 F.2d 1365, 1367 (4th Cir.1987), where this Court found no cause and effect relationship between allegedly discriminatory evaluations of a teacher‘s performance and his subsequent denial of tenure. The Court rejected the characterization of the tenure denial as a mere effect of the earlier discriminatory performance evaluations; the tenure denial and performance evaluations were alleged as discrete sets of discrimination. Id. Although the evaluations and the denial of tenure were related, the teacher “could not have known with any degree of certainty [at the time of the evaluations] that he would eventually be denied tenure.” Id. Thus, the teacher was entitled “to develop his contentions” on the discrete denial-of-tenure claim, which accrued within the limitations period. Id. at 1368.
Similarly, in this case, the opening of the Conrad Center is related to the relocation of services there only insofar as the location of the Conrad Center hаs enabled the isolation of homeless persons from downtown Richmond. As demonstrated by Lendo, however, this relationship does not mean that the relocation of a service to the Conrad Center—allegedly motivated by isolationist animus—is not a discrete act of discrimination. Indeed, the opening of the Conrad Center in no sense caused homeless persons to be isolated from downtown Richmond. Rather, defendants’ alleged acts that caused services to relocate from downtown to the Conrad Center are responsible for the alleged isolation. See Lendo, 820 F.2d at 1368 (the denial of tenure did not “inevitably follow the [discriminatory] evaluations so as to be an effect of them“). Any such discrete acts during the limitations period are not time-barred. Nat‘l Adver. Co., 947 F.2d at 1167.
ASWAN plausibly alleges that the City of Richmond, Homeward, and VCU in April 2007 “pressured and encouraged Commonwealth Cathоlic Charities to locate at the Conrad Center on Oliver Hill Way a service called ‘Central Intake’ for homeless people to sign up for and be processed to obtain overnight shelter provided at local churches by CARITAS.” Joint Appendix at 294, 307, 327. ASWAN
Additionally, ASWAN alleges additional discrete acts in 2009. ASWAN alleges that, in 2009, “City officials advised homeless people ... that during the winter of 2009-2010, homeless people would be required to go through Cеntral Intake at the Conrad Center in order to receive shelter at the City‘s overflow shelter on very cold nights.” By relocating access to the overflow shelter, ASWAN claims that the City has “succeeded in materially segregating disabled homeless people during daylight hours from Richmond‘s mainstream because of their ADA protected status.” Joint Appendix at 328. This is a plausible allegation of a discrete discriminatory act by the City less than one year before the complaint was filed, rendering ASWAN‘s ADA claim against the City timely.
Similarly, ASWAN makes the following allegation against VCU:
As part of VCU‘s actions against disabled homeless people, after Catholic Charities located Central Intake at the Conrad Center, VCU has sought to persuade faith-based providers of homeless meals now at Monroe Park to relocate their homeless feeding programs to the Conrаd Center. Such actions by VCU ... have included actions in 2009 to persuade faith-based organizations to move homeless meals programs to the Conrad Center. VCU‘s purpose in seeking to persuade such faith-based organizations to relocate such programs from Monroe Park to the Conrad Center have been to reduce the visibility of homeless people ... near VCU‘s main campus. Joint Appendix at 294. This too is a plausible allegation of a discrete discriminatory act by VCU less than one year before the complaint was filed, rendering the ADA claim against VCU timely.
In contrast, I find no allegation of a discrete discriminatory act by Homeward less than one year before the complaint was filed. Therefore, I agree that the ADA claim against Homeward is time-barred. I also agree with the dismissal of all claims against the Doe(s) defendants becаuse I find no plausible allegation of any discriminatory act by them after 1996. The only act plausibly alleged against Doe(s) is an offer to contribute $2 million toward the construction of a facility for homeless persons on Oliver Hill Way in “late 1995 or early 1996.” Joint Appendix at 282. Absent some discrete act during the limitations period, no continuing violation has been alleged against Doe(s). Glendening, 174 F.3d at 189.
In sum, I conclude that ASWAN has plausibly alleged continuing violations of the FHA against the City of Richmond, VCU, and Homeward. In my view, ASWAN also makes out continuing ADA violations against the City of Richmond and VCU. I would also permit the equal protection and