OPINION
This appeal arises from a failed attempt to create a joint tenancy with right of survivorship between a father and a daughter. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc. appeals from a judgment in favor of Maria Alicia Beyer. We modify the judgment and affirm as modified.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
In 1985, Maria Alicia Beyer and her father, Federico Beyer, created a joint account at A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc. (AGE). This account was set up as a joint tenancy with rights of survivorship (JTWROS). In 1997, Beyer obtained permanent alien status which required her to pay taxes on the account. To avoid paying taxes, the account was converted into a single account held only in Mr. Beyer’s name. After Mr. Beyer suffered a stroke in October of 2000 which resulted in significant impairment, Beyer met with James Niemeier, Mr. Beyer’s investment broker at AGE, to discuss how she could gain access to Mr. Beyer’s account in order to pay his medical bills. Because Mr. Beyer could not speak due to the stroke, Niemeier informed Beyer that he could not help her.
Mr. Beyer later recovered his speech and on the morning of December 8, 2000, he instructed Beyer to phone Niemeier about the account. After Niemeier got on the line, Beyer handed the telephone to her father who instructed Niemeier to “put the account in [Ms. Beyer’s] name.” Mr. Beyer returned the phone to Beyer, and according to Beyer, Niemeier told her “that it’s good for you to have a joint account agreement with right of survivor-ship.” Niemeier informed Beyer that he was leaving the office early but she could pick up the required documents and return them to him before 4 p.m. that same day. Beyer went to AGE that same morning and met with Niemeier who filled out documents necessary to reflect the change to *688 Mr. Beyer’s account. Niemeier completed the following documents: (1) a new account card which reflected the name of the account as “Maria Alicia Beyer or Federico V. Beyer JTWROS”; (2) a check-writing authorization form; (3) a request for taxpayer identification number and certification, which is a substitute for IRS W-9 form; and (4) a letter of authorization which reflected a change in ownership of the account from “Federico V. Beyer” to “Maria Alicia Beyer or Federico V. Beyer JTWROS.” Niemeier denied discussing how the joint account would be held and he listed the account as joint tenancy with right of survivorship “out of habit” since most joint accounts are opened as JTWROS. Beyer, on the other hand, testified that Niemeier explained to her what joint tenancy with right of survivorship meant and Niemeier set up the account in this manner based on his discussions with Mr. Beyer.
At Niemeier’s request, Beyer completed and signed a certificate of alien claiming residence in the United States. She also signed the request for taxpayer identification number. AGE’s document system reflects that the three documents signed by Beyer in AGE’s office (the new account card, the certificate of alien claiming residence, and the request for taxpayer identification number) were entered into AGE’s document system on December 13, 2000 and were scanned in St. Louis on December 20.
Beyer took three documents with her to obtain her father’s signature: (1) the letter of authorization form; (2) the check-writing authorization; and (3) the joint account agreement. Beyer and her father signed the documents in the presence of Mr. Beyer’s housekeeper, Nora Aldaba. Mr. Beyer discussed the documents with Beyer and understood that he was creating a joint account with her. Aldaba confirmed that Beyer returned from AGE with three documents but Aldaba could not read them because they were in English. Aldaba heard Beyer explain to Mr. Beyer that the effect of the documents was to transfer the account to Beyer. Over AGE’s objections, Beyer specifically testified that it was Mr. Beyer’s intent to create a joint tenancy with right of survivorship. Beyer did not make copies of the documents because she expected Niemeier to make copies for her, and she placed all three of them in an envelope and put it in her briefcase to return to AGE later that day. Shortly after 3:30 that afternoon, Beyer stopped at AGE and Aldaba carried the envelope inside. Aldaba asked for Niemeier but since he had already left the office, she left the envelope with the receptionist.
Beyer went to AGE about a week later to determine whether the joint account had been approved. At first, Niemeier could not find any of the documents returned by Beyer on December 8, but he then found them at the front desk and showed them to her. He advised Beyer that it would take a couple of days to process them. Sometime prior to December 18, Beyer received a telephone call from Niemeier advising that she had not signed the IRS W-9 form. He mailed her a new one and she signed it and returned it to AGE on December 18, 2000.
Niemeier recalled the events differently. He had forgotten Beyer had signed an IRS W-9 form on December 8, so he mailed her the second one. When Beyer called on December 18 and asked when she could begin writing checks on the account, Niemeier explained that she could begin writing checks as soon as she returned the documents. Beyer explained that she had already returned them. Niemeier called the main office in St. Louis and was told that they had not received the check-writing authorization, but *689 he did not inquire about the joint account agreement or the letter of authorization. Niemeier then found a check-writing authorization document which had been received in his office that same day, December 18, 2000. Niemeier called Beyer and informed her that he had the check-writing authorization. AGE’s document system reflects that the second IRS W-9 form (dated December 18), the check-writing authorization (dated December 8), and the letter of authorization (dated December 8) were entered into the document system in El Paso on December 18 and were scanned in St. Louis on December 21, 2000. A joint account agreement was never entered into the AGE document system in El Paso and was not located in either the El Paso branch office or the main office St. Louis. Ordinarily, when a joint account agreement is missing, the AGE computer system automatically sends a wire to the branch office ten days after the account is opened. A wire was sent to the El Paso office on December 27 notifying them that the joint account agreement was missing, but Niemeier apparently did not read the wire. That same day, AGE sent a letter to Mr. Beyer stating:
This will confirm that we received and are processing your request to transfer assets from your account according to your written instructions, a copy of which is attached. If the transfer is correct you do not need to do anything. ...
Attached to the letter was a copy of the letter of authorization, dated December 8, 2000, reflecting Mr. Beyer’s requested change of ownership to the account with a right of survivorship. On December 29, the St. Louis office generated a delinquent document report regarding the missing joint account agreement but it was not received by the El Paso branch prior to the time Mr. Beyer lapsed into a coma on December 31, 2000. He never regained consciousness and died intestate on January 9, 2001.
Prior to Mr. Beyer’s death, Beyer wrote checks on the joint account to pay Mr. Beyer’s medical bills and those checks were honored. Near the end of December, Beyer received a statement from AGE reflecting the name on the account as Maria Alicia Beyer and Federico V. Beyer, joint tenants with right of survivorship. Approximately two weeks after her father’s death, Beyer went to AGE and asked Niemeier to close the joint account and open an account in only her name. She signed a letter of authorization requesting a transfer of the funds to an individual account. In early February, Niemeier called Beyer and informed her that there was a problem with the account because one of the documents was missing. He assured her they would look for it but asked that she not write any more checks on the account. At a later date, Niemeier later called Beyer to inform her they could not find the joint account agreement. On March 23, 2001, AGE notified Beyer by letter that it did not have a signed joint account agreement on file for the account, and therefore, it could not be determined whether the account was joint tenancy with right of survivorship, tenancy in common, or tenancy of the entireties. AGE froze the account until ownership of the account could be determined and advised Beyer that if ownership could not be ascertained, it would interplead the assets into court. Beyer filed a negligence suit against AGE and Niemeier on May 4, 2001. Almost two years later, on February 11, 2003, AGE deposited the account funds in the amount of $1,185,807.24 in federal court in El Paso. AGE deposited an additional $916.01 on June 6, 2003 for a total of $1,186,723.25. Beyer’s five siblings disputed her claim to the balance of the account. Due to the absence of the joint *690 account agreement indicating joint tenancy with right of survivorship, Beyer entered into an agreement with her siblings that the funds would pass to each of the six heirs equally. Consequently, each heir, including Beyer, received $197,787.21.
Beyer amended her suit against AGE and Niemeier to allege conversion, negligence, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duty. She sought damages of $988,986.04, representing the difference between the amount she actually received and the amount she would have received had the defendants properly set up the account as joint tenancy with right of survivorship. Beyer subsequently non-suited her claims against Niemeier. The jury found in favor of Beyer on all six theories of liability submitted, including breach of contract, and awarded damages in the amount of $791,200. In connection with the breach of contract claim, the jury also awarded attorney’s fees: for preparation and trial— $225,000; for appeal to the Court' of Appeals — $28,000; and for appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas — $25,000. Beyer elected to recover under her contract cause of action and the trial court entered judgment based on the jury’s verdict.
EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE OF INTENT TO CREATE A RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP
In its first issue, AGE contends the trial court improperly admitted and gave probative value to extrinsic evidence of Mr. Beyer’s intent to create a joint tenancy with right of survivorship. At trial, AGE objected that the evidence was barred by Section 439(a) of the Texas Probate Code, the parol evidence rule, and Rule 601(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence. AGE also objected to the evidence as hearsay. The trial court overruled these objections and rejected AGE’s request for a limiting instruction.
Section 439(a)
AGE first argues that extrinsic evidence of Mr. Beyer’s intent to create a joint tenancy with right of survivorship is prohibited by Section 439(a) of the Texas Probate Code.
(a) Sums remaining on deposit at the death of a party to a joint account belong to the surviving party or parties against the estate of the decedent if, by a written agreement signed by the party who dies, the interest of such deceased party is made to survive to the surviving party or parties. Notwithstanding any other law, an agreement is sufficient to confer an absolute right of survivorship on parties to a joint account under this subsection if the agreement states in substantially the following form: ‘On the death of one party to a joint account, all sums in the account on the date of the death vest in and belong to the surviving party as his or her separate property and estate.’ A survivorship agreement will not be inferred from the mere fact that the account is a joint account.
Tex.PROB.Code Ann. § 439(a)(Vernon 2003).
The Texas Supreme Court has held that the written agreement described in Section 439(a) is the exclusive means of creating a JTWROS.
Stauffer v. Henderson,
The provisions of Sections 438 through 440 of this code that concern beneficial *691 ownership as between parties ... are relevant only to controversies between these persons and their creditors and other successors.
Tex.PROb.Code Ann. § 437.
It is undisputed that Section 439 governs beneficial ownership as between parties.
See Stegall v. Oadra,
In
MBank Corpus Christi, N.A. v. Shiner,
In
Parker v. JPMorgan Chase Bank,
Finally, AGE cites
Pressler v. Lytle State Bank,
Parol Evidence
AGE next contends that the evidence of Mr. Beyer’s intent is inadmissible because it violates the parol evidence rule. This rule provides that, in the absence of fraud, accident, or mistake, extrinsic evidence is not admissible to vary, add to, or contradict the terms of a written instrument that is facially complete and unambiguous.
National Union Fire Insurance Company v. CBI Industries, Inc.,
In
Bank of America v. Haag,
Thomas Haag opened a “trustee type account” at University Savings for his son’s future education. Haag was the only signatory on the account and he was told that his son could not withdraw any money from it without Haag’s signature. University Savings went into receivership and NCNB purchased its assets. NCNB changed its name to NationsBank and later to Bank of America. All of University Saving’s records were converted into Bank of America’s records. During this process, Bank of America did not input the information into its system from the signature cards but instead relied on information reported to it by University Saving’s system. For unknown reasons, NationsBank changed the name on the account to read “Eric J. Haag or Thomas P. Haag” but Eric never signed an authorization/signature card for the account. Bank of America permitted Haag’s son to withdraw all of the money in the account because the bank showed it as a joint account. Haag brought various causes of action against the bank. The trial court found in favor of Haag. On appeal, the bank argued that the account statements sent to Haag showing the name on the account as “Eric J. Haag or Thomas P. Haag” constituted an unambiguous written agreement which the parol evidence rule prohibits from being contradicted or varied by extrinsic evidence. The court of appeals held that the account statements did not evidence the creation of the account but were a record of information transferred to the bank’s system and were not the operative legal document that created the account.
Hang,
AGE seeks to distinguish Bank of America v. Haag by arguing that, unlike the present case, there is no statute requiring a written agreement to establish the type of account. Regardless of whether a written agreement was statutorily required, a written agreement did exist in Haag but was not produced at trial. Consequently, Haag was permitted to establish the terms of the written agreement, i.e., the signature card, by clear and convincing parol evidence. Applying the “lost document” rule to the instant case, the jury impliedly found that AGE lost the joint account agreement. Thus, Beyer is permitted to prove the terms of the agreement by clear and convincing evidence.
Even if AGE is correct that the “lost document” rule does not apply, there are other reasons the parol evidence rule is inapplicable. The jury found that AGE agreed to open a joint account for the Beyers as a JTWROS and that it breached the agreement. AGE’s agreement to open the account for the Beyers is reflected in the various documents admitted at trial, including the new account card. The evidence supports a conclusion that AGE breached the agreement by fading to secure the joint account agreement, particularly after being placed on notice by the main office that it was missing. The agreement which AGE breached was not the lost joint account agreement, but rather the agreement to open a joint account with rights of survivorship. Under this view of the evidence and the jury’s findings, AGE’s complaint that Beyer offered parol evidence to vary or contradict the terms of the joint account agreement is *694 without merit. For all of the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling objections to extrinsic evidence of the terms of the joint account agreement and Mr. Beyer’s intent to create a joint account with right of survivorship. Issue One is overruled.
EFFECT OF BEYER’S AGREEMENT TO DIVIDE FUNDS WITH SIBLINGS
In Issue Two, AGE asserts that Beyer effectively waived her causes of action against it by agreeing to divide equally with her siblings the funds which AGE had interpleaded in federal court. It argues that Beyer voluntarily gave up the funds which she now seeks from AGE. AGE also contends that Beyer failed to prove that, as the administrator of Mr. Beyer’s pending estate in Mexico, she could not obtain a ruling from the Mexican probate court that she is entitled to all of the funds.
Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.
Tenneco Inc. v. Enterprise Products Co.,
In order to establish its waiver defense, AGE had the burden to prove that Beyer had a right to all of the funds in federal court; (2) Beyer knew she could prove her entitlement to those funds; and (3) she intended to relinquish that right by sharing the funds with her siblings. But the absence of the joint account agreement legally precluded Beyer from asserting ownership of the funds against her siblings as heirs of her father’s estate. Consequently, Beyer’s agreement to share the funds with her siblings does not operate as an intentional waiver of a known right.
With respect to the claim that Beyer failed to assert her rights in the Mexican probate court, AGE, not Beyer, had the burden to prove that under Mexican law, Beyer was entitled to all of the account funds. AGE is also charged with proving Beyer knew she could establish her entitlement to all of the account funds under Mexican law, and with this knowledge, she instead chose to share the funds with her siblings. AGE cites to no evidence in the record conclusively proving these elements. Further, it has not provided any authority demonstrating that Beyer was entitled to the account funds under Mexican law. Issue Two is overruled.
ATTORNEY’S FEES
AGE’s final two issues relate to the attorney’s fee awards. In Issue Three, AGE complains that because Beyer failed to segregate attornéy’s fees between her tort and contract causes of action, she is not entitled to attorney’s fees as a matter of law. It argues the jury’s award of $225,000 for preparation and trial should be reversed and remanded for a determination of the amount attributable to the contract cause of action.
Beyer was entitled to recover attorney’s fees on her contract claim pursuant to Tex.Civ.PRAC. & Rem.Code Ann.
*695
§ 38.001 (Vernon 1997). Attorney’s fees are not recoverable in tort actions.
Z.A.O. Inc. v. Yarbrough Drive Center Joint Venture,
Our review of the record indicates that the same transaction gives rise to all of Beyer’s claims which were contingent upon proof of the same fact: an agreement between the parties that the account would be opened and maintained as a joint tenancy with rights of survivorship. The factual basis for the contract claim is inseparably intertwined with Beyer’s tort claims. Beyer’s contract claim is based on evidence that AGE agreed to open a joint account with rights of survivorship but failed to do so, resulting in damages to Beyer. AGE’s agreement to open the joint account with rights of survivorship gives rise to its duty to exercise reasonable care to open and maintain the account as agreed. AGE’s promises which formed the basis of the contract are the same representations upon which Beyer relied, giving rise to her fraud and negligent misrepresentation causes of action.
AGE also takes issue with the attorney’s fees award because it included time and fees expended in the federal interpleader action. Beyer’s attorney’s fees expert, Mark Pierce, testified that the two proceedings were related. When AGE inter-pleaded the account funds, it sought both interpleader relief and injunctive relief against the state court proceeding. AGE then sought abatement of the state court proceeding based on the interpleader action. The federal court subsequently determined that AGE was not entitled to interpleader relief and dismissed the inter-pleader action, yet it did not award attorney’s fees to Beyer because the court agreed with AGE’s argument that Beyer had already been awarded attorney’s fees in the state court proceeding. After reviewing the record, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that Beyer’s contract claims were inextricably intertwined with her tort claims.
See Pegasus Energy Group, Inc. v. Cheyenne Petroleum Company,
In Issue Four, AGE argues that the judgment is incorrect because it makes an unconditional award of appellate attorney’s fees to Beyer. We agree. A trial court may not grant a party an uncon
*696
ditional award of appellate attorneys’ fees.
Texas Farmers Insurance Company v. Cameron,