Opinion for the Court filed PER CURIAM.
Appellant, Alfred Eugene Ramey, contends that his former employer, the General Accounting Office (GAO), discriminated against him on the basis of his sex when it promoted a female coworker to a position for which he had applied, and that several of his former supervisors committed tor-tious acts against him after he complained. He asks that we reverse the orders of the District Court dismissing his tort claims against the individual supervisors and granting judgment for the Government on his claim of sex discrimination. He also asks that we direct the GAO to award him the promotion with retroactive benefits. Because we can find no merit in Ramey’s claims, we affirm the orders of the District Court.
I. Background
In late 1980, Ramey, a former GS-13 computer systems analyst in the Financial and General Management Studies (FGMS) division of the GAO, sought a promotion to GS-14. Jack Kearns, a group director in the FGMS division, interviewed Ramey and eight other applicants for promotion to the position of Accounting and Financial Systems Computer Specialist. Kearns ratеd and ranked each of the applicants based upon eight job elements in the job announcement; subsequently, Kearns awarded the position to Norma Drake, the applicant who had received the highest score during the interview process. Ramey was ranked lowest among all applicants. Upon learning that he had not been promoted, Ramey filed an administrative complaint charging discrimination based on sex. Later, after being denied a within-grade increase, Ramey amended the complaint to reflect new allegations of retaliation and reprisal.
The GAO Personnel Appeals Board, which has the authority to hear employees’ discrimination claims, see 31 U.S.C. § 753(a)(7) (1982), determined that Ramey’s non-selection had not been due to discrimination. It concluded, however, that Ramey “was denied his within-grade salary increase at least in part because of his having filed a complaint of discrimination against Kearns and other management officials.” See Ramey v. GAO, 1 PAB R & D 102, 115-19 (Oct. 19, 1981), reproduсed in part at Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 333. Accordingly, the Appeals Board awarded Ra-mey the requested within-grade salary increase.
Ramey was not satisfied with the decision of the Appeals Board, so he filed the instant action in the District Court against the GAO’s Comptroller General and against selecting official Kearns, in his in *733 dividual capacity. Ramey charged the FGMS division with sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16 (1982), and Kearns with various acts of libel, slander, civil fraud and conspiracy during both the selection process and the subsequent administrative appeal.
The District Court dismissed Ramey’s tort claims against Kearns on immunity grounds. 1 See Ramey v. Bowsher, Civ.No. 82-0268 (D.D.C. Mar. 16, 1984) (order). Subsequently, after encоuntering further difficulties on the job which resulted in his termination, Ramey amended his complaint, adding several more former supervisors, in their individual capacities, as defendant tortfeasors. On March 6, 1985, the trial court granted the Government’s partial motion to dismiss the additional charges made in the amended complaint, finding that the cited supеrvisors, like Kearns, were immune from suit. The remainder of the case was then set for trial.
On March 25, 1987, at the close of Ra-mey’s case, the Government moved for a judgment in appellees’ favor. J.A. at 265. The trial judge, ruling from the bench, granted the Government’s motion, finding absolutely no evidence of sex discrimination. J.A. at 269-70. 2 On denial of his motion for a new trial, see Ramey v. Bowsher, No. 82-0268 (D.D.C. May 28, 1987) (order), Ramey notеd an appeal from the orders of the District Court dismissing his suit against the individual supervisors and granting judgment for the Government on his claim of discrimination. He asserts that, contrary to the District Court’s findings, he proved his claim of discrimination.
II. Analysis
A. Dismissal of the Claims Against the Individual Supervisors on Immunity Grounds
Ramey argues that the District Court erred when it dismissed the tort claims against the supervisors on immunity grounds. We disagree. We find that each supervisor was entitled to assert his official immunity as an absolute bar to Ramey’s tort claims.
In general, federal officials are
absolutely immune
from state-law tort actions when their conduct is “within the scope of their official duties
and
the conduct is discretionary in nature.”
Westfall v. Erwin,
An official who claims absolute immunity from personal liability bears the burden of “showing that such an exemption is justified.”
Forrester v. White,
Second, the record in this case indicates that the alleged tortious conduct of the supervisors was “the product of independent judgment,” and the “exercise [of] deci-sionmaking discretion,” of the sort described by the Supreme Court in
Westfall,
We reject appellant’s argument that tor-tious acts are unlawful
per se
and therefore cannot be considered either discretionary or within the outеr limits of the official’s duties. “No government officer, of course, can be ‘authorized’ to act unlawfully. But if the scope of an official’s authority or line of duty were viewed as coextensive with the official’s lawful conduct, then immunity would be available only where it is not needed; in effect, the immunity doctrine would be ‘completely abrоgate[d]’.”
Martin v. D. C. Metropolitan Police Dep't,
The question before us is simply whether the supervisors took discretionary action within the outer limits of their official duties. Because we answer that question in the affirmative, we have no occasion to analyze Ramey’s common-law tort claims. And to the extent that Ramey attempts to recast his tort claims against the suрervisors as pure discrimination claims, they are in any event barred by the exclusive character of the Title VII remedy.
See Brown v. GSA,
B. The Judgment in Favor of the Government on the Claim of Sex Discrimination
We also can find no error in the District Court’s judgment that Ramey was not a victim of sex discrimination. “[A] court of appeals may only reverse a district court’s finding on discriminatory intent if it concludes that the finding is clearly erroneous.”
Pullman-Standard v. Swint,
At trial, Ramey heavily relied upon the testimоny of Dr. Earl Wysong, a former employee at the GAO, to establish that his eoworker, Ms. Drake, should not have been promoted because she was not qualified for the GS-14 position. Tr. 75, J.A. at 62;
see also
Tr. 478-79, J.A. at 250-52, 263 (testimony of former GAO employee Austin Dayton that Ramey’s work was “superior” to Drake’s). In short, Wysong claimed that, under the requirements of the position description, Ms. Drake was not fit for the GS-14 job. Tr. 75-76, J.A. at 62-63. On cross examination, however, Wysong conceded that his analysis of Drake’s qualifications was based solely on an assessment of documentary evidence; that, during a period when he was also supervising Ramey, he had hired Drake as a GS-13 in the FGMS division and given her performance ratings that were superior to Ramey’s, Tr. 80, 102-03, J.A. at 67, 89-90; and that he himself had declined to promote Ramey to a GS-14. Tr. 107-09, J.A. at 94-96;
see also
J.A. at 438, 440-50. Dr. Wysong’s credibility was reduced even further when he admitted that he had been forced to accept a down-grade at the GAO after being charged with a violation of the agency’s regulations. Tr. 83-91, 387-89, J.A. at 70-78, 229-31. In light of this evidence, as well as the witness’ dеmeanor, the District Court rejected the testimony of Dr. Wysong as incredible, Tr. 269, and we see no reason to disturb that finding.
See Anderson v. City of Bessemer,
The record also supports the District Court’s view that Drake wаs not only qualified for the position, but probably even better qualified than Ramey. See Tr. 103-04, 106-08, J.A. at 90-91, 93-95 (testimony of former supervisor Wysong regarding Ramey’s ineffective communication skills and average work performance); Tr. 220-25, J.A. at 127-32 (testimony of former senior supervisor Joseph Donlon regarding Ramey’s average performance rating); Tr. 279-84, J.A. at 155-60 (testimony of former supervisor Kearns who rated Drake’s skills as “exceptional” and Ramey’s skills as “proficient,” exceptional being considered the superior rank); Tr. 358-61, 374-75, J.A. at 221-24, 226-27 (testimony of former supervisor Paul Benoit that Ramey’s written work was “substandard” and his oral communications skills “were not very understandable,” while Drake’s performance wаs “fine” and that she was a “quick learner” and “articulate”).
Even assuming,
arguendo,
that Drake was not better qualified than Ramey, there is still nothing in the record to indicate that Drake was selected “because she was a female and [he] was a male.” Tr. 500, J.A. at 270;
see International Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States,
We also reject Ramey’s allegations that the decision to promote Drake was based upon some unlawful scheme of affirmative action. The trial court found that Ramey’s qualifications were not superior to those of *736 Drake; that Drake was not “preselected” for the job and that her selection was based on merit, not her sex; and that even if other factors were considered (such as Drake being “better liked” or Ramey being “actively disliked”), these factors did not reflect discrimination on the basis of sex. J.A. at 270. The trial court’s findings on these points are not clearly erroneous, and they clearly belie any claim that Drake was somehow the beneficiary of some unlawful scheme of preferential placеment.
Ramey advances the further claim that Kearns improperly balanced the scales in favor of Drake when he relied on the criteria listed in the job announcement rather than on the criteria in the position description. Specifically, Ramey avers that the position description required a “working knowledge of the application of automated techniques in a Government agency to accounting and financial management systems _” J.A. at 278, and that there is no requirement of “working knowledge” in the announcement. While it is true that the job announcement does not specifically cite “working knowledge” of accounting, as does the position description, it does state that applicants must possess “[sjkill in applying automatic data processing principles,, theories and methodologies to application requirements {e.g., accounting, logistics, etc.) of considerable difficulty ... and a rough understanding of automated financial management systems.” Thus, the position description and job announcement cannot be viewed as measurably different in any important respects.
Because we find no merit in Ramey’s contentions, we have no grounds to question the judgment of the District Court that Ramey was not the victim of sex discrimination.
C. Alleged Errors in Trial Proceeding
Ramey's remaining contentions, concerning alleged errors in thе trial proceedings, are equally unfounded. First, contrary to Ramey’s argument on appeal, we agree with the trial judge that further briefing on the sex-discrimination claim was unnecessary. Ramey’s counsel was given a full opportunity to present all relevant arguments and evidence to the District Court before the trial judge ruled from the bench. Indeed, this point was virtually conceded by counsel; just prior to the close of trial, Ramey’s counsel stated “the evidence of sex discrimination in this case is implicit in the facts already in the record.” Tr; 495, J.A. at 265. Furthermore, the trial judge told Ramey’s counsel that, “if it becomes necessary to impeach Mr. Kearns, you are entitled to offer an exhibit at some later point in the trial. You are not foreclosed from offering an exhibit ... simply because you have rested.” Tr. 338, J.A. at 202. Finally, there was an extensive argument on the Government’s motion for judgment, see J.A. at 265-69, during which Ramey’s counsel was given full rein to argue his client’s case. On the record before us, the trial judge provided appellant with a full and fair opportunity to make his arguments and present his evidence without the necessity of further briefing. Thus, we cannot find that the District Court abused its discretion in denying appellant’s request for briefing.
Additionally, even if, arguendo, the District Court initially erred in excluding the administrative record of the GAO proceedings and prohibiting the impeachment of certаin witnesses, these alleged errors were cured once the trial judge accepted into evidence both the administrative record and impeachment information. See Tr. 352-54, J.A. at 215-17. Furthermore, before its inclusion, Ramey repeatedly used matters from the administrative record in an effort to impeach certain witnesses and to edify the court. See, e.g., Tr. 237, J.A. at 141 (reference to statement by former supervisor Donlon in administrative record that was allegedly inconsistent with statement at trial); Tr. 326, J.A. at 191 (reference to a nuclear regulatory report to impeach testimony of Kearns); Tr. 345-49, J.A. at 208-12 (reading passages of prior testimony by Kearns at administrative proceedings into record for impeachment purposes); Tr. 498, J.A. at 268 (referring to *737 position description and job announcement exhibits from administrative record). See also Tr. 56-57, J.A. at 59-60; Tr. 142-43, J.A. at 99-100; Tr. 203-05, J.A. at 110-12, J.A. at 282-300 (introduction and admission of Drake’s prior testimony before GAO for impeachment purposes).
On the record before us, we can find no merit in Ramey’s claims regarding any alleged errors in the trial proceedings.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons given, the orders of the District Court are affirmed.
It is so ordered.
Notes
. Reconsideration was sought by Ramey and denied by the District Court. Ramey v. Bowsher, No. 82-0268 (D.D.C. Apr. 24, 1984) (order).
. Prior to trial, Ramey had moved to dismiss his reprisal and retaliation claims against Bowsher because "full relief as to the reprisal by the Agency” had been granted by the administrative board when Ramey was restored to his job. Brief for Appellant at 12 (emphasis in original). The motion was granted. Ramey v. Bowsher, No. 82-0268 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 1987) (order).