delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this appeal, we are called upon to determine whether, in order to disclaim coverage, an insurance company must show it was prejudiced by an insured’s failure to comply with the notice provision in a Directors and Officers “claims made” policy.
*193 In the instant case, the insured, who had been sued for damages by plaintiffs, entered into a settlement whereby it agreed to assign its rights and interests under the insurance policy to plaintiffs. However, when plaintiffs sought to recover under the policy, the insurer denied coverage because the insured breached the policy’s notice conditions. The trial court granted summary judgment to the insurance company, finding that notice was not given “as soon as practicable,” and that the insurance company need not show appreciable prejudice as a result of the delay in notice in order to refuse coverage. Plaintiffs appealed, and the Appellate Division affirmed substantially for the reasons given by the trial court.
We hold that because this Directors and Officers “claims made” policy was not a contract of adhesion but was agreed to by sophisticated parties, the insurance company was not required to show that it suffered prejudice before disclaiming coverage on the basis of the insured’s failure to give timely notice of the claim.
I.
A.
We begin with a review of plaintiffs’ claims against the insured that underlie the instant litigation and were ultimately settled. With respect to those claims, the following facts are not in dispute.
Plaintiffs, Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. (Templo) and Fuente Properties, Inc. (Fuente) (collectively, plaintiffs), 1 engaged Morris Mortgage Inc. (MMI) to find funding sources for the purchase of property to relocate plaintiffs’ church and daycare centers. Approximately two and one-half months later, plaintiffs made a down payment and entered into a purchase agreement to buy a property in North Bergen (the property), conditioned upon plaintiffs secur *194 ing mortgage financing by a certain date. After several extensions of the financing date, MMI identified Merl Financial Group, Inc. (Merl) as a possible funding source.
Over the course of approximately nine months, Merl gave plaintiffs a series of funding commitments in exchange for ten percent of the total amount of each commitment. However, when the final closing date for the property arrived, neither Merl nor any of the sources of financing listed in the commitment documents were able to fund the loan to purchase the property, and the sellers terminated the purchase agreement. As a result of the losses sustained in their attempt to purchase the property, plaintiffs filed a complaint 2 against Merl, among others. The defendants named in the complaint were served with the first-amended complaint on or about February 21, 2006.
Sometime prior to the filing of the complaint, Merl was restructured and renamed First Independent Financial Group (First Independent). First Independent purchased a $1 million Directors, Officers and Private Company Liability Insurance Policy (the Policy) from National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh (National Union) covering the time period from January 1, 2006 through January 1, 2007.
The policy is a “claims made” policy, as opposed to an “occurrence” policy, and contained “NOTICE/CLAIM REPORTING PROVISIONS,” section 7, requiring that, as a condition precedent to coverage under the policy, “The Company or the Insureds”
give wiitten notice to the Insurer of any Claim made against an Insured as soon as practicable and either: (1) anytime during the Policy Period or during the Discovery Period (if applicable); or (2) within 30 days after the end of the Policy Period or the Discovery Period (if applicable), as long as such Claim is reported no later than 30 days after the date such Claim was first made against an Insured.
*195 The mutual interests of the insured and the insurer served by the notice provisions of the policy are reflected in section 8, “DEFENSE COSTS, SETTLEMENTS, JUDGMENTS (INCLUDING THE ADVANCEMENT OP DEFENSE COSTS),” which grants the insured the right to defend itself against the claim, while simultaneously guaranteeing the insurer the ability to “associate” with the insured in that defense. Section 8 further allows the insured to “tender defense of the Claim to the Insurer,” but prohibits any action by the insured from the time it receives the claim until a defense is tendered by the insurance company, if so requested. This prohibition checks action that could prejudice the insurance company, the insured, or both, such as interposing an ill-conceived defense strategy, or engaging in settlement discussions. Compliance by the insured commands its defense by the insurance company and permits the insured to “associate” with the insurance company in the defense of the claim, and settlement negotiations. 3
On August 28, 2006, more than six months after being served with the first amended complaint, and after retaining counsel and *196 filing an answer, First Independent provided notice of the claims to National Union. National Union denied coverage, asserting, among other defenses, that the claims against First Independent were made outside of the policy period, and that notice of the claims was not given to National Union “as soon as practicable.”
Plaintiffs and several defendants, including First Independent, reached a settlement agreement in the underlying litigation. Under that agreement, the settling defendants’ liability exceeded $3 million, and they committed to pay plaintiffs a portion of that liability by a fixed date. To cover the remainder of the settlement amount, First Independent assigned to plaintiffs its rights and interests under the Policy. 4 Thereafter, the trial court dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint as settled.
B.
Plaintiffs initiated this litigation against National Union seeking a declaratory judgment that First Independent was an insured under the Policy, and that plaintiffs were entitled to coverage. Upon the completion of discovery, plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment, and National Union filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on all counts.
Following oral argument, the trial court granted National Union’s cross-motion for summary judgment and dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint with prejudice. The trial court found that although there was insufficient proof to establish that the claims had been made outside the policy period, the claim for coverage was nevertheless barred because First Independent failed to provide National Union with notice of plaintiffs’ claims “as soon as practicable,” as required by the specific terms of the policy. In reaching this conclusion, the trial court relied on
Associated Metals & Minerals Corp. v. Dixon Chemical & Research, Inc.,
82
N.J.Super.
281, 316-17,
In addition, the trial court concluded that under
Zuckerman v. National Union Fire Insurance Co.,
100
N.J.
304,
The Appellate Division affirmed the trial court, noting the policy “clearly required that notice be provided both within the policy period and as soon as practicable.” Accordingly, the panel held that “coverage was properly denied to the insureds and, by extension, to plaintiffs as their assignees.”
The panel, like the trial court, relied on Zuckerman in rejecting plaintiffs’ argument that National Union had to demonstrate prejudice as a result of the delayed notice before it could deny coverage. The Appellate Division held that only “occurrence” policies require the insurance company to establish prejudice to avoid coverage because “claims made” policies differ from “occurrence” policies. Under the former, coverage is triggered when the insured notifies the insurance company of the claim, while under the latter, coverage is triggered if the act or omission giving rise to the claim occurred during the policy period.
We granted plaintiffs’ petition for certification, to address the issue of whether an insurance company must establish prejudice before denying coverage based on the insured’s failure to comply with a notice condition in a “claims made” policy. 220
N.J.
42,
II.
Plaintiffs assert three main arguments in support of their claim that National Union should have been required to show prejudice *198 in order to deny coverage. First, plaintiffs challenge the Appellate Division’s and trial court’s reliance on Associated, Metals to conclude that notice was untimely because, unlike the case at bar, the claim at issue in Associated Metals involved an injury resulting from an accident, which entails a more time-sensitive inquiry requiring the insurance company to conduct an investigation while the facts remain fresh in the minds of the parties involved. Further, plaintiffs assert that because the policy at issue in Associated Metals did not have dual reporting requirements — that the claim be reported within the policy period and “as soon as practicable” — the insurance company did not have the “safety net” of both an objective and a subjective notice requirement that was available to National Union in the instant case.
Second, plaintiffs argue that the Appellate Division improperly expanded this Court’s ruling in Zuckerman by permitting insurance companies to deny coverage without showing prejudice, not only where the insured gives notice of the claim outside of the policy period, as in Zuckerman, but also when the insured fails to give prompt notice of the claim within the policy period. Plaintiffs urge this Court to restrict our holding in Zuckerman to instances where the insured reports a claim outside of the policy period.
Finally, plaintiffs rely on authority from other jurisdictions, which they assert is consistent with a “growing trend in insurance law,” requiring insurance companies to demonstrate prejudice before disclaiming coverage for failure to give timely notice within the period of a “claims made” policy.
See Prodigy Commc’ns Corp. v. Agric. Excess & Surplus Ins. Co.,
*199 National Union argues that the terms of the policy are clear and unambiguous, with coverage conditioned on the insured providing notice of a claim within the policy period and “as soon as practicable.” National Union further claims that the trial court and Appellate Division properly relied on Associated Metals and Zuckerman in concluding that New Jersey jurisprudence does not require insurance companies to demonstrate prejudice before disclaiming coverage on a “claims made” policy based on an insured’s violation of the policy’s notice requirements.
Finally, National Union contends that existing New Jersey authority governs this case and, as such, there is no cause to consider authority from other jurisdictions.
III.
A.
Turning to the law applicable to this case, we note that we review the trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo under the same standard as the trial court.
Mem’l Props., LLC v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.,
210
N.J.
512, 524,
*200 B.
Our interpretation of insurance policies, such as the National Union policy in this case, is governed by the following commonly recognized rules of construction. “In attempting to discern the meaning of a provision in an insurance contract, the plain language is ordinarily the most direct route.”
Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
195
N.J.
231, 238,
When the provision at issue is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous, and the “court may look to extrinsic evidence as an aid to interpretation.”
Ibid.
Only where there is a genuine ambiguity, that is, “ “where the phrasing of the policy is so confusing that the average policyholder cannot make out the boundaries of coverage,’ ” should the reviewing court read the policy in favor of the insured.
Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., supra,
166
N.J.
at 274,
C.
Guided by the law governing interpretation of insurance contracts, we turn to the conceptual differences between “claims made” and “occurrence” policies. In doing so, we focus on the notice provisions that each policy typically contains, as well as the function that those provisions fulfill.
We discussed the variations between the two types of policies in
Zuckerman.
There, we explained that “the difference
*201
in the peril insured” distinguishes “claims made” from “occurrence” policies. 100
N.J.
at 310-14,
“Occurrence” policies were created to offer coverage for the harms caused by collision, fire, and other similar occurrences.
See Zuckerman, supra,
100
N.J.
at 311,
“Occurrence” policies insuring against professional negligence began to fall out of favor in the latter part of the twentieth century because of the difficulty underwriters faced in setting premiums on policies “with an unlimited ‘tail’
5
that extend[ed] beyond the policy period” and thus required insurance companies to forecast far into the future “the costs of the risks assumed.”
Zuckerman, supra,
100
N.J.
at 311,
In an attempt to reduce the risks associated with professional liability “occurrence” policies, insurance companies began to shift to “claims made” policies. Under the “claims made” policy, insurance companies possess “the ability to calculate risks and premiums with greater exactitude since the insurer’s exposure ends at a fixed point, usually the policy termination date.”
Zuckerman, supra,
100
N.J.
at 313,
Both “claims made” and “occurrence” policies contain reporting requirements, but the importance and terms of those requirements differ. The distinctive roles that reporting requirements play in “claims made” versus “occurrence” policies not only addresses the basic difference between the two policies, but informs our judicial interpretation of those requirements.
In the “occurrence” policy, notice provisions are written “to aid the insurance carrier in investigating, settling, and
*203
defending claims.”
Zuckerman, supra,
100
N.J.
at 323,
The prompt notice requirement and the requirement that the claim be made within the policy period in “claims made” policies “maximiz[e] the insurer’s opportunity to investigate, set reserves, and control or participate in negotiations with the third party asserting the claim against the insured” and “mark the point at which liability for the claim passes to an ensuing policy, frequently issued by a different insurer, which may have very different limits and terms of coverage.” Id. As we noted in Zuckerman:
Accordingly, the requirement of notice in an occurrence policy is subsidiary to the event that invokes coverage, and the conditions related to giving notice should be liberally and practically construed.
By contrast, the event that invokes coverage under a “claims made” policy is transmittal of notice of the claim to the insurance carrier. In exchange for limiting coverage only to claims made during the policy period, the carrier provides the insured with retroactive coverage for errors and omissions that took place prior to the policy period.
[Zuckerman, supra, 100 N.J. at 323-24,495 A.2d 395 .]
D.
In
Cooper v. Government Employees Insurance Co.,
we first enunciated the principle that notwithstanding the unambiguous notice provisions within a particular “occurrence” policy, the “public interest” required the insurance company to show prejudice to “forfeit coverage” for an insured’s breach of the notice provisions of the policy. 51
N.J.
86, 94,
In
Cooper,
the insureds were involved in a car accident but failed to report the incident until two years after it occurred.
Cooper, supra,
51
N.J.
at 88-89,
We later reviewed whether the
Cooper
doctrine of “appreciable prejudice” was applicable in the context of a “claims made” policy.
Zuckerman, supra,
100
N.J.
at 322-24,
Subsequently, in
Werner Industries, Inc. v. First State Insurance Co.,
this Court considered a “claims made” excess “umbrella” liability policy covering commercial risks entered into between sophisticated parties. 112
N.J.
30, 32,
Because, in our view, the policy here provided neither unrealistic nor inadequate coverage, and because there has been no showing whatsoever that this policy did not meet ... expectations, we reverse. Application of canons of construction dictating interpretation against a drafter “should be sensible and in conformity with the expressed intent of the parties.” Such canons “should not to be used as excuse to read into a private agreement that which is not there, and that which people dealing fairly with one another could not have intended.” Our goal always is to “justly fulfill the reasonable expectations of the assured in the purchase of his insurance policy.”
[Id. at 38-39,548 A.2d 188 (internal citations omitted).]
Therefore, to resolve the factual issue of the parties’ expectations, which was in dispute, we remanded the matter to “inquir[e] into any background evidence” of whether the insurer induced the insured to enter into the policy by “creating] a different understanding” of the policy provision at issue.
Id.
at 39,
*206 IV.
A.
In this case, First Independent was issued a Directors and Officers “claims made” policy by National Union to cover the period of January 1, 2006 through January 1, 2007. By the terms of the policy, National Union agreed to provide First Independent coverage for acts or omissions taking place at any time so long as the claim was made and reported to National Union both within the policy period and “as soon as practicable.”
It is undisputed that First Independent learned of plaintiffs’ claims on or about February 21, 2006, when it received the first-amended complaint, and that First Independent failed to notify National Union of these claims until six months later, on August 28, 2006. Relying on Associated Metals, both the trial court and the Appellate Division found First Independent’s unexplained six-month delay in reporting plaintiffs’ claims did not comply with the policy’s “as soon as practicable” requirement, which was a condition precedent to coverage.
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court and Appellate Division erred in relying solely on
Associated Metals
because the inquiry into whether a claim was reported “as soon as practicable” is fact sensitive.
See Bass v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
77
N.J.Super.
491, 495,
Because plaintiffs fail to assert why the delay occurred, let alone why we should consider First Independent’s reporting of the claims to be “as soon as practicable” under the “circumstances,” there is no factual dispute that the notice given was not timely. Thus, we hold only that on this record the unexplained six-month delay did not satisfy the policy’s notice requirement. However, we need not and do not draw any “bright line” on these facts for timely compliance with an “as soon as practicable” notice provision.
B.
Having concluded that First Independent failed to give notice of the claims against it “as soon as practicable,” we turn to plaintiffs’ argument that National Union should not be permitted to disclaim coverage without showing that it was prejudiced by the delay. Essentially, plaintiffs ask us to expand our prior holding in Zuckerman by applying the Cooper doctrine to “claims made” policies where the insured provides notice of a claim within the policy period.
National Union, on the other hand, asserts that it need not show prejudice to disclaim coverage where, as here, the terms of the policy clearly and unambiguously require the insured to report a claim “as soon as practicable” as a condition precedent to recovery. National Union further argues that given the sophisticated nature of the parties, the insured’s reasonable expectations were not frustrated simply because National Union required strict compliance with the notification conditions of the policy. Finally, National Union contends that the “as soon as practicable” requirement relates to the insurer’s risk in this Directors and Officers policy. Specifically, the insurer’s duty to cover costs, as part of the policy limits, is affected by the insured’s failure to give notice “as soon as practicable.” National Union asserts this failure deprives the insurer of its negotiated right to associate with the *208 defense, and play a role in settlement if that occurs, thereby limiting the potential exposure of the insurer under the policy’s terms. In sum, the insurer argues that it is not a surety for the insured under their sophisticated policy covering certain errors and omissions within a business operation.
Turning to the nature of these parties, we note first the importance of the characteristics of First Independent. First Independent is not an individual and this policy is not a simple personal liability insurance policy. To the contrary, the insured was an incorporated business entity that engaged in complex financial transactions. During the initial application process for the Directors and Officers policy, First Independent listed itself as having at least fourteen full-time employees, two part-time employees, and a human resources department. The policy covered a broad variety of complex civil and criminal matters, including employment practices claims and security claims. In the procurement of a complex policy like this one, First Independent did not simply obtain a professional liability policy on its own; it sought out a broker, who procured the policy on First Independent’s behalf.
We have historically approached “claims made” and “occurrence” policies differently due in large part to the differences between the policyholders themselves. For example, in
Cooper,
where the “occurrence” policy at issue was a contract of adhesion entered into by parties with unequal bargaining powers, we required the insurer to show prejudice before denying coverage to prevent an unfair result. 51
N.J.
at 93-94,
Indeed, in the vast majority of “occurrence” policies, the policy holders are “unsophisticated consumer[s] unaware of all of the policy’s requirements.” 10 Jeffrey E. Thomas,
New Appleman on Insurance Law,
Library Edition § 129.05[2] (LexisNexis 2015).
*209
As a result, “courts have taken special consideration of the fact that the policy holders were consumers unlikely to be conversant with all the fíne print of their policies” and “found that strict adherence to the terms of the notice provisions would result too harshly against [such insureds.]”
MGIC Indem. Corp. v. Cent. Bank of Monroe,
Those equitable concerns based on the nature of the parties do not control in our analysis of the “as soon as practicable” notice requirement of the Directors and Officers “claims made” policy here, where the policyholders “are particularly knowledgeable insureds, purchasing their insurance requirements through sophisticated brokers[.]” S. Kroll, supra, 13 Forum at 853. In this arena, insurers are “dealing with a more sophisticated clientele, [who] are much better able to deal with the insurers on an equal footingf.]” Ibid.
In this instance we need not make a sweeping statement about the strictness of enforcing the “as soon as practicable” notice requirement in “claims made” policies generally. We need only enforce the plain and unambiguous terms of a negotiated Directors and Officers insurance contract entered into between sophisticated business entities. Its notice conditions contain mutual rights and obligations and a clear and unambiguous requirement that the insured report a claim to the insurer “as soon as practicable,” pursuant to section 7, thereby preserving the insurer’s rights, under section 8, to associate and influence how the litigation proceeds from its inception.
Therefore, when First Independent began defending against plaintiffs’ claims without first notifying National Union, an action explicitly barred by the terms of the policy, it violated a condition
*210
precedent of timely notice to National Union, and thus breached the policy’s express condition of notice of a claim in order for coverage to attach. We decline plaintiffs’ invitation to read the insurance policy at issue as a contract of adhesion, or “ ‘engage in a strained construction to support the imposition of liability’ or write a better policy for the insured than the one purchased.”
Chubb Custom Ins. Co., supra,
195
N.J.
at 238,
Consequently, we conclude that the notice requirement within the contract of insurance sold by National Union to First Independent sufficiently conformed to the objectively reasonable expectations of the insured and, hence, did not violate the public policy of New Jersey. Accordingly, we hold that First Independent’s failure to comply with the notice provisions of the bargained for Directors and Officers policy constituted a breach of the policy, and National Union may decline coverage without demonstrating appreciable prejudice. We recognize that a different conclusion may have been reached in other jurisdictions, but our jurisprudence has never afforded a sophisticated insured the right to deviate from the clear terms of a “claims made” policy.
See Sparks,
100
N.J.
at 342,
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division.
Notes
Plaintiffs, Templo and Fuente, are separate New Jersey corporations. Templo was formed in 1993 and operated a church for religious services and child and adult daycare centers. Templo formed Fuente in 2002 to acquire a property for relocation.
In the complaint, which was amended several times between 2005 and 2009 to add claims and parties, plaintiffs alleged breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust enrichment, negligence, negligent misrepresentation, conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, violation of the Consumer Fraud Act, professional malpractice, professional negligence, violation of New Jersey’s racketeering statute, and fraud.
Section 8 of the policy states, in pertinent part:
The insurer does not assume any duty to defend. The Insureds shall defend and contest any claim made against them.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Insureds shall have the right to tender the defense of the Claim to the Insurer, which right shall be exercised in writing by the Named Entity on behalf of all Insureds to the Insurer pursuant to the notice provisions of Clause 7 of this policy. This right shall terminate if not exercised within 30 days of the date the Claim is first made against an Insured, pursuant to Clause 7 of the policy. Further, from the date the Claim is first made against the Insureds to the date when the Insurer accepts the tender of the defense of such Claim, the Insureds shall take no action, or fail to take any required action, that prejudices the rights of the Insureds or the Insurer with respect to such Claim. Provided that the Insureds have complied with the foregoing, the Insurer shall be obligated to assume the defense of the Claim, even if such Claim is groundless, false or fraudulent. The assumption of the defense of the Claim shall be effective upon written confirmation sent thereof by the Insurer to the Named Entity. Once the defense has been so tendered, the Insured shall have the right to effectively associate with the Insurer in the defense and the negotiation of any settlement of any Claim, subject to the provisions of this Clause 8.
Some of the settling defendants made their payments under the settlement agreement, but other settling defendants did not. Plaintiffs obtained a judgment for the unpaid settlement amounts against the defaulting defendants.
A tail is "the lapse of time between the date of the error and the time the claim is made.”
Id.
at 311,