D.A.R. 13,703
Indiana Francisca GUTIERREZ-CENTENO; David Enrique
Morales-Gutierrez; Maria J. Morales-Gutierrez, Petitioners,
v.
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent.
No. 95-70068.
United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted June 13, 1996.
Decided Nov. 14, 1996.
Suzanne B. Friedman and Thomas L. Hiester, San Francisco, CA, for petitioners.
Karen Fletcher Tortenson and Philemina McNeill Jones and April Gordon Dawson, Office of Immigration Litigation, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals. I & NS Nos. Afm-yle-azz, Aub-xgn-mfp and Axc-ooi-yeh.
Before: REINHARDT and HALL, Circuit Judges, and MERHIGE, District Judge.*
Opinion by Judge REINHARDT; Concurrence by Judge HALL.
REINHARDT, Circuit Judge:
Petitioners, Indiana Gutierrez-Centeno (Gutierrez) and her two children, David and Maria (David and Maria), appeal the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA or Board) denying Gutierrez's application for asylum and withholding of deportation under §§ 208(a) and 243(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(a) and 1253(h), and their motion to reopen to apply for suspension of deportation under § 244(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1254(a)(1). We deny review in part and grant in part.
I. ASYLUM AND WITHHOLDING OF DEPORTATION
We deny review of the decision of the BIA rejecting the petitioners' requests for asylum and withholding of deportation.1 At the deportation hearing, Gutierrez, a native and citizen of Nicaragua, testified to the following. Her family was well-connected to the Somoza government, as was the family of her husband. She participated in the Somocista Liberal Youth and earned several scholarships based on her association with Somoza's Liberal Party. After the Sandinistas came into power, they arrested and imprisoned one of her uncles, confiscated the property of other family members, and killed one of her husband's uncles. Her husband later abandoned the family, fearing that he too would be persecuted.2 In 1985, due to her refusals to participate in Sandinista Defense Committee activities, the Sandinistas reduced her food ration card, and demoted her and forced her to resign from her job. She later learned, through a letter sent to her former employers, that the Sandinistas maintained a file which characterized her as untrustworthy. She fears returning to Nicaragua, notwithstanding the change in government, because the Sandinistas remain in control of the state security and police forces.
Based on this testimony, the BIA found that Gutierrez had neither established past persecution nor a well-founded fear of future persecution. Although we do not find Gutierrez's claim to be without substantial support, we cannot conclude that the evidence presented was so compelling that a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude that she established a well-founded fear of persecution. Accordingly, we deny review of the part of the petition that relates to the request for asylum and withholding of deportation. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias,
II. MOTION TO REOPEN/SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION
While the appeal of the denial of asylum and withholding of deportation was pending before the BIA, the petitioners became eligible for suspension of deportation, as they had been continuously present in the United States for seven years. Accordingly, they filed a motion to reopen deportation proceedings to apply for such relief.3 The BIA denied the motion.
We review BIA denials of motions to reopen for an abuse of discretion. Watkins v. INS,
The BIA may deny a motion to reopen on any of three independent grounds: (1) failure to establish a prima facie case of eligibility for the relief sought; (2) failure to introduce previously unavailable, material evidence; (3) a determination that even if these requirements were met, the movant would not be entitled to the discretionary grant of relief sought. Id. at 847 (quoting INS v. Doherty,
Here, the BIA determined that the petitioners failed to establish a prima facie case of eligibility for suspension of deportation.4 To receive suspension of deportation, the petitioners had to establish: (1) continuous physical presence in the United States for seven years preceding the filing of the application; (2) good moral character during such period; and (3) that deportation will result in extreme hardship. 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1) (1995).5
The BIA concluded in cursory fashion that the petitioners failed to establish a prima facie case because they did not establish extreme hardship. It based its decision on the following findings: (1) "[t]he respondents have not shown that because they have resided in this country since June 1986, they would be unable to readjust to living conditions in Nicaragua"; (2) "they have not shown any unusual community ties in the United States"; (3) "[t]he respondents have not shown that they would be unable to obtain employment or continue their education in Nicaragua"; (4) "the adult female respondent's father resides in Nicaragua"; and (5) the "adult female respondent reports that she has a brother who is a lawful permanent resident, indicating the potential, at least, for eventually other means of adjusting her status."6
The BIA abused its discretion in finding that petitioners had not established extreme hardship. First, it failed to consider the merits of each petitioner's application individually. See Jara-Navarrette v. INS,
Next, the BIA abused its discretion by failing to show proper consideration of all relevant factors. See Hassan v. INS,
The BIA compounded the error of not addressing Gutierrez's family ties in the United States by erroneously according weight to nonexistent family ties in Nicaragua. Although it is true, as the BIA opinion states, that Gutierrez's father lives in Nicaragua, he neither raised Gutierrez nor has he ever lived with her. Gutierrez's deportation will therefore not only sever close family ties, but return her to a country in which she has no real ties. This is not "the type of hardship experienced by most aliens who have spent time abroad." See Ramirez-Durazo v. INS,
The BIA also failed to consider the hardship that Gutierrez would experience given existing political and economic conditions in Nicaragua. Although economic detriment alone does not establish extreme hardship, it is nonetheless a factor to be considered in determining eligibility for suspension of deportation. Mejia-Carrillo v. INS,
Finally, with respect to Gutierrez, the BIA did not address whether she has been of special assistance to the community. Under BIA precedent, special assistance to the community is a relevant factor for suspension of deportation. In re Anderson, 16 I. & N. Dec. 596, 597-98 (BIA 1978). The record demonstrates that Gutierrez, having acquired special training relating to the care of AIDS and Alzheimer's patients, as well as the developmentally disabled, has worked as a nurse's aid since 1989. The work she has done on behalf of these persons in need of special care merits the most serious consideration.
With respect to David and Maria's applications, as mentioned earlier, in discussing their circumstances the BIA said only that they had not established an inability to continue their educations.11 This does not constitute an individual assessment of the hardship they would suffer if deported to Nicaragua. First, David and Maria like their mother would suffer from the severing of close family ties with relatives in the United States. Second, again like their mother, they would experience economic detriment and political instability if deported to Nicaragua. The BIA must assess these factors in considering their applications.
Furthermore, the BIA did not specifically address the contention that David and Maria would experience difficulty adjusting to life in Nicaragua, specifically in terms of their educations. For both, English is their primary language.12 In fact, Maria, who entered the United States when she was approximately in the third grade and who was in the tenth grade at the time motion to reopen was filed, can barely read or write in Spanish. The BIA failed to address whether Maria--or her brother--would suffer extreme hardship if deported given their limited Spanish proficiency and the advanced stages of their educations. See Ramirez-Durazo,
Because the BIA abused its discretion in denying the motion to reopen, we must remand. Remand is particularly appropriate in light of the BIA's recent decision in In re O-J-O. In O-J-O, the Board granted suspension of deportation to a 24-year-old petitioner who, among other things, had lived in the United States since he was thirteen, completed his education in this country, fully integrated himself into American society, and if deported, would return to Nicaragua, where economic and political conditions were difficult. David and Maria both evidence a significant degree of integration into American society. Like the petitioner in O-J-O, they are both fluent in English. According to the motion to reopen and the accompanying documentation, David, who has won several academic awards, completed middle and high school in this country and now attends college in San Francisco. He participates in church activities and various team sports. Maria, who has been educated almost exclusively in this country, is now in high-school and is an honor student. She participates in church activities, serves as a member of the Junior Reserves Officer's Training Corps, and hopes to enroll in officer training upon graduation.
On remand, the BIA must review each petitioner's application individually and show proper consideration of all relevant factors. In determining whether a petitioner has made a prima facie showing of extreme hardship has been made, the BIA must consider the total cumulative effect on that petitioner of all the relevant factors. See In re Ige, 20 I. & N. 880, 882 (BIA 1994) ("Relevant factors, though not extreme in themselves, must be considered in the aggregate in determining whether extreme hardship exists."). In considering Gutierrez's application for suspension of deportation, the BIA must consider whether either of her children is independently entitled to suspension of deportation, because Gutierrez would undoubtedly suffer even greater hardship if involuntarily separated from either or both of them. Similarly, of course, if the BIA finds that Gutierrez is independently eligible for suspension of deportation, it must take that fact into account in evaluating the individual cases of her children.
For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the BIA abused its discretion in denying the petitioners' motion to reopen. Accordingly, we grant review of that part of the petition and remand to the BIA for consideration of the motion in accordance with the law as explicated in this opinion.
CONCLUSION
To the extent that the petition relates to the request for asylum and withholding of deportation, review is DENIED; to the extent that it relates to the motion to reopen, review is GRANTED.
VACATED in part and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
CYNTHIA HOLCOMB HALL, Circuit Judge, concurring in the result:
I concur in Part I, denying review of the request for asylum and withholding of deportation because the Board's decision that petitioners failed to establish either past persecution or a well founded fear of future persecution was supported by the record. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias,
Although I disagree with the majority's approach and reasoning in Part II, I agree that the motion to reopen should be remanded to the BIA. I therefore concur only in the result.
We review a BIA decision denying a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. Hassan v. INS,
Here, the Board's reasoning was general and conclusory. The Board did not mention petitioner's community ties to the United States. The son (David) has started college here; the mother (Gutierrez) is involved in community-oriented health care and church activities. Nor did the Board correctly consider family ties. See Contreras-Buenfil v. INS,
The motion to reopen should be remanded because the Board abused its discretion. On remand, the Board must consider each application individually and must consider all relevant factors.
This Court, however, should not attempt to dictate the outcome of the Board's consideration of extreme hardship factors. To do so would "encroach[ ] on the authority which the Act confers on the Attorney General and his [or her] delegates." Wang,
The decision today does not hold that anything in petitioners' applications requires a finding of extreme hardship. To the extent the petitioners cite economic difficulties to themselves should they return to Nicaragua, this is not enough to distinguish them from all other Nicaraguans required to return to their country. See Wang,
Furthermore, the majority's suggestion that hardship arises from the political climate in Nicaragua is both irrelevant and inaccurate. The majority states that the Board should have considered that, if deported, the petitioners would return to a country "emerging from years of civil war and experiencing devastatingly high levels of inflation, unemployment and poverty," and notes that "petitioners submitted various newspaper articles describing the economic crisis in Nicaragua."
To begin with, the current relevance of the newspaper articles and the January 1995 profile of Nicaragua cited to in footnote 10 is speculative at best, especially in light of the recent election in Nicaragua, which signals an improving economic and political climate. See, e.g., Larry Rohter, Rightist is Victor Over Sandanistas in Nicaragua Vote, N.Y. Times, Oct. 22, 1996, at A1 (Nicaragua moving towards free enterprise and closer U.S. ties).
More importantly, no authority requires the BIA to look at the general economic and political climate of an applicant's homeland to determine extreme hardship. The cases the majority cites accord little weight to the general economic and political climate of an applicant's homeland and do not require the Board to accord any weight to these general conditions.
Despite the majority's implication to the contrary, In re O-J-O,
Similarly, In re Anderson, 16 I & N 596 (BIA 1978) does not hold that conditions in an alien's homeland are decisive in determining hardship. In Anderson, the Board cautioned against "laying critical emphasis on the economic and political situation" in an alien's homeland, even though such situations may be relevant. 16 I & N at 598. The Anderson decision denied suspension of deportation and found that Congress did not intend to suspend deportation of every alien experiencing "some degree" of hardship. Id. The Board concluded that, despite the political and economic climate in the petitioner's homeland, there was not "a sufficient number of other adverse factors" to find the necessary hardship. Id.
Likewise, Mejia-Carrillo v. INS,
Thus, the cases cited by the majority stand for nothing more than the proposition that a petitioner's individual circumstances must be taken into account when determining whether extreme hardship exists. The majority opinion must be read in this context, as it cites no precedent supporting any broader proposition.
Finally, the majority's statement that remand is "particularly appropriate in light of the BIA's recent decision in In re O-J-O " is somewhat curious. O-J-O was a fact specific holding that did not create any new legal propositions. The decision was clear that "... the 'elements required to establish extreme hardship are dependant upon the facts and circumstances peculiar to each case.' " 1996 WL at * 3 (citation omitted). See also Id. at * 7 ("I am not deciding that all or most Nicaraguans would qualify for suspension of deportation."); Id. at * 8 ("... each suspension of deportation case must be resolved on its own facts and evidence."); Id. at * 17 ("In assessing 'extreme' hardship, our point of reference is the individual....").
The O-J-O decision is not new law, but merely a "close case" under existing law. Id. at * 6. There were three separate concurrences emphasizing this point, noting that the decision is "probably close to, if not already at, the outer limit," id. at * 7, and is "the furthest reaches" of an extreme hardship finding. Id. at * 8.1 Therefore, O-J-O is instructive as an outer boundary of facts that will establish extreme hardship; it is not the springboard from which the majority might wish this court to leap in the future. The O-J-O Board itself did not intend the decision to create novel precedent. See id. at * 7 ("I do not see this decision as any departure from past Board precedents.") The majority's implications that it does are disingenuous, and the majority's reliance on In re O-J-O is wholly unnecessary to its conclusion to remand the motion to the Board.
In conclusion, the motion to reopen should be remanded to the Board to give the petitioners individual consideration of each of their claims for extreme hardship.
Although this court may require the Board to consider all relevant factors and to articulate its reasoning, the law is clear that we may not dictate the Board's results. Whether or not to grant a motion to reopen is "entirely" within the Board's discretion. INS v. Phinpathya,
Notes
The Honorable Robert R. Merhige, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation
David and Maria's claims to asylum and withholding of deportation are derivative of their mother's. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c) (stating that a child of an alien who is granted asylum may "be granted the same status as the alien if accompanying, or following to join, such alien")
In the early 1980s, state security forces questioned her regarding her husband. Gutierrez does not know her husband's current whereabouts
Motions to reopen filed while appeals to the BIA are pending are properly treated as motions to remand to the IJ. Rodriguez v. INS,
A Board member dissented from the denial of the motion to reopen. He "would not [have] den[ied] the respondents the opportunity to fully present their applications for suspension of deportation before an immigration judge."
The third requirement is that the deportation "result in extreme hardship to the alien or to his spouse, parent, or child, who is a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence." 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1)
As to this last factor, the potential for other means of obtaining adjustment of status, we have found few cases citing it, let alone cases discussing how it should be assessed. However, we believe that unless there is a realistic chance for adjustment through other means in the near future, this factor should not weigh against an alien. Cf. In re Wong, I. & N. Dec. 271, 273 (BIA 1967 ) ("The Chinese quota to which the respondent is chargeable is greatly oversubscribed, and he could not obtain an immigrant visa. He could not adjust his status by other means than suspension of deportation. It is concluded that the respondent, if deported from the United States, would suffer extreme hardship."); In re Chien, 10 I. & N. Dec. 387, 388 (BIA 1963) (finding extreme hardship although respondent was the beneficiary of a visa petition; he could not "readily" obtain an immigrant visa to adjust his status because the relevant quota was oversubscribed). That an alien may be able to adjust his status a number of years from the time of his deportation does not significantly diminish the hardship he would suffer if deported. Here, for example, the petitioners contend that it could take up to ten years for Gutierrez to adjust her status through her lawful resident brother and several more years for David and Maria to adjust through her. If this is true, we cannot fathom how the possibility of obtaining adjustments of status a decade or more from now could possibly weigh against their claim of extreme hardship. On remand, the BIA should realistically assess the efficacy of the alternative means of adjustment of status before considering whether this factor weighs against or in favor of extreme hardship, and how much weight to give it
Unlike their claims to asylum and withholding of deportation, David and Maria's claims to suspension of deportation are not derivative of their mother's claim. They each filed applications for suspension of deportation, the merits of which do not stand entirely on the merits of their mother's application
The statute commits the definition of "extreme hardship" to the Attorney General, who may construe the term narrowly. Hassan v. INS,
As the BIA has recognized, "Conditions in an alien's homeland are relevant in determining hardship...." In re Anderson, 16 I. & N. 596, 598 (BIA 1978). Although the economic detriment an alien would suffer may not be sufficient to establish extreme hardship, it should nonetheless be considered in combination with other relevant factors, for "when other factors such as advanced age, severe illness, family ties, etc. [,] combine with economic detriment to make deportation extremely hard on the alien or the citizen or permanent resident members of his family ... Congress has authorized suspension of the deportation order." Id.; see also In re Ige, 20 I. & N. 880, 882 (BIA 1994) ("Relevant factors, though not extreme in themselves, must be considered in the aggregate in determining whether extreme hardship exists.")
The petitioners submitted various newspaper articles describing the economic crisis in Nicaragua. A recent opinion by the BIA confirms the severity of the crisis. See In re O-J-O,
At the time of the motion to reopen, David, who had come to the United States when he was thirteen years old, was nineteen, and Maria, who had come when she was eight, was fifteen. David was in college at the time of the motion, while Maria was in high school. They claimed that deportation would be "especially severe," because they have been raised and educated in this country. As we explain more fully below, both David and Maria appear to have been significantly integrated into American society
The BIA must accept as true the statements in an alien's affidavits unless they are "inherently unbelievable." Aviles-Torres v. INS,
Additionally, four Board members dissented from the opinion