Goulah v. Ford Motor Co.Goulah v. Ford Motor Co.
- Reporters:
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- Before:
- Fay, Black, Alarcon
FAY, Senior Circuit Judge:*
James and Nancy Goulah, residents of the State of Florida, filed this products liability action against Ford Motor Company, a Delaware corporation, alleging that defects in, and the negligent design of the Ford Bronco II caused the Goulahs to sustain serious injuries in a rollover accident. After a three week trial, the jury returned a verdict for Ford. Plaintiffs now appeal the trial court‘s admission and exclusion of various pieces of evidence and the court‘s refusal to give several requested jury instructions, including an instruction on comparative negligence. We affirm.
I.
On October 4, 1989, James and Nancy Goulah (“Plaintiffs“) were severely injured when their Ford
Mrs. Goulah testified at trial that she and her husband had just begun a three week vacation. They were traveling north on I-75 at about 55 m.p.h., when Mrs. Goulah looked in her side mirror and saw the trailer go “slightly left, and slightly right, and slightly left.” R42-30. Thereafter, the trailer “swung around,” fell over, and slid down the highway. Plaintiffs’ vehicle broke away from the trailer and went into a barrel roll. Id. Mrs. Goulah was ejected from the vehicle, but sustained less serious injuries than her husband, who unfortunately was pinned inside. Mr. Goulah remains partially paralyzed to this day.
Plaintiffs filed suit against Ford Motor Company, alleging that Ford‘s (i) negligent design of the Bronco II, (ii) distribution of an unreasonably dangerous and defective product, and (iii) failure to warn owners about the Bronco II‘s rollover propensity caused the Plaintiffs’ accident.1 The Ford Bronco II is a “small” or “light” sport utility vehicle that
In response to Plaintiffs’ complaint, Ford generally denied all allegations and also asserted the defense of comparative negligence. At trial, Ford sought to support that defense with evidence (1) that the trailer attached to the rear of Plaintiffs’ Bronco did not have any trailer brakes, which were required by Florida law, (2) that the trailer was improperly loaded and caused the vehicle‘s instability, (3) that Mr. Goulah, who suffered a stroke three years prior to the incident, had a seizure while driving, (4) that Mr. Goulah failed to drive the vehicle properly, and (5) that Plaintiffs were not wearing their seat belts at the time of the accident. In both its opening statement and closing statements to the jury, Ford argued that it was these factors that caused Plaintiffs’ accident, not the Bronco II.
Before trial, Plaintiffs filed a motion in limine to exclude reports about the Bronco II written by the National Highway Safety Traffic Administration (“NHTSA“). NHTSA began a defect investigation of the Bronco II in 1988. The alleged defects under investigation were defined as “the rollover susceptibility of the Bronco II and the crash worthiness of the vehicle during a rollover.” As in all defect investigations, NHTSA sent a request for information to Ford, asking for specific information related to all Bronco IIs “sold in the U.S. since August 1, 1982.” After NHTSA completed its investigation, the agency ultimately concluded that there were no safety-related defects in the Bronco II.
In opposition to the admissibility of NHTSA‘s reports,7 Plaintiffs attempted to show that Ford deliberately altered, destroyed, and withheld documents from NHTSA and that therefore, NHTSA‘s conclusions were untrustworthy. Ultimately, the district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the evidence.
At trial, Ford employees admitted that a great deal of information was withheld from NHTSA, but they claimed it was only because the information was not relevant to NHTSA‘s inquiry or because it related only to “prototype” vehicles, which were different from the Bronco II‘s “sold after August 1, 1982.” General Jerry Curry, the former Administrator of NHTSA, testified that during the NHTSA investigation of the Bronco II there was never any allegation that Ford withheld documents from NHTSA. According to Curry, if there had been such an allegation, NHTSA would have investigated
Plaintiffs introduced other evidence of “document destruction,” which centered on the fact that 52 documents relating to the Bronco II‘s stability factors were “missing” from Ford‘s files. Frederick Parrill, a Ford employee, testified that during the Bronco II‘s development stages, Ford‘s Office of General Counsel (“OGC“) requested engineers to gather all data, documents, and files relating to the Bronco II. Parrill acknowledged that concerns about Bronco II product liability spawned the collection efforts and that Ford lawyers were involved in Bronco II meetings.
Parrill was put in charge of collecting the documents, but before doing so, he sent a letter to his engineers requesting them to “list” the documents in their possession. Approximately 110 documents ended up on the list, but only half were ever collected. From these facts, Plaintiffs urged the jury to believe that Ford had “selectively” weeded out the documents that might expose them to liability. Ford explained simply that it collected over 10,000 documents relating to the Bronco II and that some of them had been unintentionally destroyed in accordance with Ford‘s normal protocol for document disposal.
With respect to these document destruction allegations, Plaintiffs filed a motion for default judgment before trial. The district court denied the motion. Plaintiffs thereafter requested a jury instruction that the “bad faith destruction of relevant evidence gives rise to a strong inference that production of the evidence would have been unfavorable to the party responsible for its destruction. If you determine that one of the parties lost or destroyed or otherwise tampered with evidence, the burden is imposed upon the party to prove that the loss or destruction was not in bad faith.” The court declined to give any instruction concerning document destruction. R50-35 thru 36.
At the close of evidence, Ford withdrew its comparative negligence defense. Plaintiffs requested the court to instruct the jury on comparative negligence anyway. The court refused. Plaintiffs then argued that Ford should be prohibited from arguing to the jury that Plaintiffs’ negligence caused the accident. To Plaintiffs, that meant Ford could not argue the trailer breaks, improper loading, improper driving, or seat belt issues. Ford argued that, despite having withdrawn its comparative negligence defense, it was still entitled to assert the defense of “sole legal cause,” which means that it could still argue Plaintiffs were totally responsible for their injuries. The court agreed with Ford.
The court gave the jury its instructions and submitted a special jury verdict form for their consideration. The form asked the jury first to decide whether “Ford Motor Company place[d] the 1987 Bronco II on the market with a defect which was unreasonably dangerous such that the defect was a legal cause of damage to the [P]laintiffs?” The jury answered, “No.” Question two asked whether there was “negligence on the part of [Ford] in the design of the 1987 Bronco II that was a legal cause of damage to the [P]laintiffs?” The jury answered, “No.” Finally, question 3 asked whether there was “negligence on the part of [Ford] in failing to warn or instruct users of the 1987 Bronco II that was a legal cause of damage to the [P]laintiffs?” The jury answered, “No.” Based on this verdict, the court entered judgment for Ford. This appeal ensued. Plaintiffs challenge (i) the district court‘s admission of the NHTSA documents, (ii) the exclusion of the proffered testimony of ex-Ford employee, Larry Bihlmeyer (discussed in more detail below), (iii) the trial court‘s refusal to instruct the jury on comparative negligence, (iv) the court‘s refusal to instruct the jury that NHTSA‘s standards were minimum standards, (v) the court‘s given instruction to disregard the evidence
II.
We review the district court‘s rulings on the admissibility of evidence for abuse of discretion. See Joiner v. General Elec. Co., 78 F.3d 524, 529 (11th Cir.1996), cert. granted, 520 U.S. 1114, 117 S.Ct. 1243, 137 L.Ed.2d 325 (1997). We will not overturn an evidentiary ruling unless the moving party proves a substantial prejudicial effect. See Judd v. Rodman, 105 F.3d 1339, 1341 (11th Cir.), reh‘g denied, 114 F.3d 1204 (11th Cir.1997).
A.
Plaintiffs first contend that the district court abused its discretion by admitting the documents written by NHTSA. According to Plaintiffs, those documents lacked sufficient indicia of trustworthiness to fall within the 803(8)(C) exception to the hearsay rule.8
Rule 103 of the Federal Rules of Evidence states that reversible error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits evidence unless “a timely objection or motion to strike appears of record....” Judd v. Rodman, 105 F.3d 1339, 1342 (11th Cir.) (quoting
Plaintiffs challenge the admission of 7 different NHTSA documents. See Appellant‘s Br. at 7-8. As to four of those documents, Plaintiffs’ counsel specifically stated at trial that he had “no objection” to their admission. See R45-43 (defense exhibit 267); R45-43 (exhibit 269); R45-104 (exhibit 284); R45-65 (exhibit 297). As to the fifth document, counsel professed that he had “no problem” with its admission. R45-72 (exhibit 275). As to the sixth document, counsel objected, but on relevancy grounds only. R45-59 thru 62 (exhibit 287). Finally, as to the seventh document, counsel again objected, but did not state any grounds for that objection.9 R45-94 (exhibit 283). These actions were totally inadequate to preserve counsel‘s 803(8)(C) and 403 objections.
We note that Plaintiffs did file a motion in limine to exclude the NHTSA documents. Absent some good reason for failing to object at trial, however, such a motion does not preserve an error for appeal. See Judd, 105 F.3d at 1342 (“as a general proposition, an overruled motion in limine does not preserve a party‘s objection for purposes of appeal.... [H]owever, a motion in limine may be adequate to preserve an error ... if a good reason exists not to object at trial.“) (citations omitted). Plaintiffs have not provided us with any justification for their failure to object properly at trial; we have found none on our own.
B.
Plaintiffs next challenge the district court‘s exclusion of the proffered testimony of Larry Bihlmeyer, an ex-Ford employee. Bihlmeyer worked as an engineer at Ford from 1972 to 1986 and would have testified that (1) a supervisor told him it was “acceptable to kill
The district court excluded item # 1 as highly prejudicial under Rule 403. That Rule permits the district court to exclude evidence “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
Plaintiffs contend that item # 2, which relates to the wheel separation investigation, was admissible under
Finally, Plaintiffs maintain that the court erred in excluding item # 3. Plaintiffs proffered the following testimony for the court‘s consideration:
[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: [W]ere you ever assigned to a duty of taking notes or minutes at the meeting?
[Bihlmeyer]: Yes.
[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: And ... were you ever instructed not to take notes upon a particular subject matter?
[Bihlmeyer]: Yes.
[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: Were you ever instructed not to take notes upon the subject matter of [ ] problems that were expressed with the Bronco II?
[Bihlmeyer]: Yes.
[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: Did they tell you why?
[Bihlmeyer]: That‘s--that‘s really tough to put into words.... I was instructed not to report it, and ... there wasn‘t a clear explanation given, but there are other documents and other, uh, incidents that I‘m aware of that made the interpretation very clear if you worked there.
[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: Based upon working there for years ..., what was your interpretation of the reason?
[Bihlmeyer]: Well, it‘s--it was direct, uh, assignability to follow, not to be disputed or contradicted if you know unless you wanted to have a conflict with your management.
R37-14 thru 15.
The record is again unclear as to why the district court excluded this portion of Bihlmeyer‘s testimony. The court seems to have been concerned that Plaintiffs were asking the jury to engage in pure speculation regarding the meaning of the “no note taking” directive. R37-43. The trial judge stated that despite Plaintiffs’ assertions, she did not recall Bihlmeyer testifying that he was given the responsibility of taking notes to the exclusion of others in the meeting. Id. Finally, it appears the court felt that the time difference between Bihlmeyer‘s employment and NHTSA‘s Bronco II investigation weighed against this evidence‘s admissibility also. R37-48.
We have some doubt as to the correctness of the court‘s ruling on this issue. The fact that the meetings did not occur during the time of NHTSA‘s Bronco II investigation is inconsequential; the meetings occurred at a time when Ford was developing and testing Bronco II “prototypes.” The first Bronco II
The trial judge clearly stated that, at the time of Plaintiffs’ proffer, she did not think the Bronco II part of Bihlmeyer‘s testimony was admissible. Nevertheless, the court left open the possibility that Plaintiffs could offer that same testimony on rebuttal. Plaintiffs never attempted to do so. Additionally, Plaintiffs were given the opportunity to present similar testimony through another Ford employee, Frederick Parrill, who was also present at meetings during the Bronco II‘s developmental stages. See R39-206 thru 212 (testimony of Ford employee, Frederick Parrill, agreeing that no notes were taken at engineering meetings concerning stability of Bronco II); In that sense, Bihlmeyer‘s testimony would have merely been cumulative. Therefore, the exclusion of this testimony could not have affected “a substantial right of the plaintiff.”
III.
Plaintiffs raise three separate issues concerning the district court‘s jury instructions. “We apply a deferential standard of review to a district court‘s jury instructions. So long as the instructions accurately reflect the law, the trial judge is given wide discretion as to the style and wording employed in the instructions.” Bateman v. Mnemonics, Inc., 79 F.3d 1532, 1543 (11th Cir.1996) (quoting United States v. Starke, 62 F.3d 1374, 1380 (11th Cir.1995)). Our task is to “examine whether the jury charges, considered as a whole, sufficiently instructed the jury so that the jurors understood the issues and were not misled.” Starke, 62 F.3d at 1380 (quoting Wilkinson v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 920 F.2d 1560, 1569 (11th Cir.1991)).
The district court‘s refusal to give requested instructions is not error if the substance of the proposed instruction was covered by another instruction, which was given. See Pesaplastic, C.A. v. Cincinnati Milacron Co., 750 F.2d 1516, 1525 (11th Cir.1985). Moreover, we will not find reversible error in the refusal to give a requested instruction unless (1) the requested instruction correctly stated the law, (2) the instruction dealt with an issue properly before the jury, and (3) the failure to give the instruction resulted in prejudicial harm to the requesting party. Id.
A.
Plaintiffs first impugn the trial court‘s refusal to instruct the jury on the principles of comparative negligence. There is no question that the instruction requested by Plaintiffs correctly stated the law in Florida. We thus begin with a discussion of whether the comparative negligence instruction dealt with an issue properly before the jury. The gist of Plaintiffs’ argument is that when Ford withdrew its comparative negligence defense, it no longer had any right to argue that Plaintiffs’ actions caused the accident. Ford‘s counter-argument is that its withdrawal of the comparative negligence defense did not in any way deprive it of the right to argue that Plaintiffs’ actions were the “sole legal cause” of their own injuries. Florida law obligates us to agree with Ford.
In Hoffman v. Jones, 280 So.2d 431 (Fla.1973), the Florida Supreme Court embraced the doctrine of comparative negligence and held that contributory negligence was no longer a complete bar to recovery in the State of Florida. Hoffman, 280 So.2d at 438. The court noted, however, that its ruling “should not be construed so as to entitle a person to recover for damages in a case where ... the defendant‘s negligence was not a legal cause of the damage.” Id. The court also affirmed that a plaintiff was still barred from recovering damages for injuries “when the plaintiff‘s negligence is the sole legal cause of the damage.” Id.; see also Standard Havens Products v. Benitez, 648 So.2d 1192, 1197 (Fla.1994) (confirming that plaintiff is barred from recovery if plaintiff‘s own negligence was sole legal cause of injuries).
As a legal matter, Florida‘s Third District Court of Appeal has already decided the issue presented here. See Bryant v. Fiadini, 405 So.2d 1341 (Fla.3d Dist.Ct.App.1981). In Bryant, the plaintiffs filed a negligence action against the owner of the building in which they lived after a fire killed one of their children. Bryant, 1342-43. The defendant‘s answer asserted a comparative negligence defense. The evidence at trial revealed that a portable heater in the plaintiffs’ apartment caused the fire. Id. At the close of evidence, the defendant withdrew his comparative negligence defense and received a ruling from the trial court that no instruction on comparative negligence would be given. Id. at 1343. The jury returned a verdict for defendants. Id. The plaintiffs appealed. Id.
The Bryant court found no error in the trial court‘s refusal to instruct on comparative negligence and affirmed the jury verdict:
A defendant has a right to waive any defense.... Comparative negligence only has the effect of reducing damages if liability is established.... We find no error in refusing to charge on comparative negligence, but even if it was, it was harmless error because the jury found no liability.
Id. (citations omitted). The court further emphasized that the judgment should not be reversed “because the rule is well settled that where evidence in a law case discloses no liability, there can be no recovery and a verdict for the defendant in such cases must stand.” Id.
Bryant controls the outcome of this case. Like the jury in Bryant, the jury here found that Ford was not liable for any negligence.
Thus, they never had to reach the comparative negligence issue. Plaintiffs’ reliance on the Florida Supreme Court‘s decision in Ridley v. Safety Kleen Corp., 693 So.2d 934 (Fla.1996), reh‘g denied, 22 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 167 (Fla.1997) is misplaced. The Ridley court held that failure to wear a seat belt should be properly raised as part of the comparative negligence defense. Ridley, 693 So.2d at 944. The case does not stand for the proposition, however, that “comparative negligence instructions must be given, when requested, when negligence on the part of the plaintiffs is being alleged....” Appellant‘s Reply Br. at 20. The defendant in Ridley both asserted and maintained an affirmative defense throughout the proceedings. 623 So.2d at 935. That fact alone makes Ridley distinguishable from our case.
In further support of our decision, we conclude that even if Ford had never raised a comparative negligence defense, the same evidence of trailer brakes, improper loading, improper driving, and seat belts would have been admissible at trial and Ford would have been able to make the same arguments it made in this case. Evidence on the issues of the trailer and driving directly refutes Plaintiffs’ contention that Ford‘s negligence caused this accident. Ford was not limited to saying, “we didn‘t cause this.” Ford had every right to tell the jury who or what it believed made this accident happen.
B.
Plaintiffs’ second objection concerns the court‘s failure to instruct the jury that NHTSA‘s requirements were merely “minimum standards.” Plaintiffs requested an instruction that “even if you find the defendant met all Government standards and Government regulations and requirements, which are minimum standards, such compliance is not a defense if a reasonable and prudent manufacturer would have taken added precautions.” R50-24. The court gave the following instruction instead:
R51-141. Plaintiffs challenge the court‘s failure to use the phrase “minimum standards.” Plaintiffs’ objection, however, is merely a matter of semantics. The jury was instructed that compliance did not exempt Ford from liability; that instruction sufficiently covered the topic.
C.
Finally, Plaintiffs object to (1) the court‘s instruction that Ford did not withhold documents from NHTSA and (2) to the court‘s refusal to instruct on the “bad faith” destruction of evidence. We have greatly simplified the evidence presented in this three week trial. However, we can comfortably say that most, if not all, of the “evidence” presented on the issues of Ford‘s misconduct with regard to the Bronco II was either stated by an attorney during questioning or was total conjecture. The district court did not err in withdrawing these issues from the jury.
IV.
We affirm without discussion the court‘s denial of Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment on the grounds of bad faith destruction of evidence, the court‘s refusal to submit the issue of punitive damages to the jury, and the court‘s denial of Plaintiffs’ motion for new trial based on a statement made by defense counsel in closing argument. The judgment entered in favor of Ford Motor Company is hereby AFFIRMED.