This appeal involves a dispute over riparian rights to Lake Charlevoix, formerly known as Pine Lake. Plaintiffs are owners of lots fronting Lake Charlevoix but separated from the water by Beach *546 Drive, a road dedicated to the use of the public that runs parallel and immediately adjacent to the lake. The trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary disposition, ruling that plaintiffs’ lots were not riparian because a statutory dedication vested a fee in the public, thereby destroying plaintiffs’ claim to riparian rights. Plaintiffs now appeal and we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The property at issue is riparian land on the northern shore of Lake Charlevoix in Charlevoix County, Michigan. On July 15, 1911, the North Charlevoix Company, a Michigan corporation, executed a dedication of the plat of North Charlevoix, the subject riparian land. The plat includes 49 approximately rectangular enclosed numbered lots. The exact dimensions of each of these lots are included in the plat, as well as the inland coordinates. The plat also includes six named streets, including Western Avenue, Central Avenue, Park Avenue, Cottage Avenue, Lake Avenue, and Beach Drive. All these streets run parallel to the lake, except for Central Avenue, which cuts through the center of the plat and is perpendicular to the lake. While the plat shows a single dock extending into the lake at the end of Central Avenue, there is no indication in the record whether this dock was ever built, or how, if it did exist, it was used. With respect to these roadways, the dedication includes the following language: “the streets and alleys as shown on said plat are hereby dedicated to the use of the public.” Significantly, none of the platted lots touches the shoreline. Rather, Beach Drive, which runs east to west, abuts the shoreline and separates the 11 platted lots closest to the water, or the front tier lots, from Lake Charlevoix. In other words, these 11 lots extend to the edge of the road, not to the water’s edge.
*547 The Charlevoix County Board of Supervisors accepted the plat and the dedication of streets on August 7, 1911. It is undisputed that the public has continued to accept the dedication of the roadways, including Beach Drive. Today, the Charlevoix County Road Commission (CCRC) maintains Beach Drive, which is now paved. A recent aerial photograph, not included in the lower court record, shows that Beach Dive does not actually touch the water’s edge. Rather, it appears that a small strip of land and some trees are between the water’s edge and the roadway. In addition, multiple docks extend into the lake from Beach Drive.
The eight plaintiffs in this dispute all own front tier lots abutting Beach Drive. The legal descriptions of their properties do not extend to the lake’s edge, nor is there a grant of riparian rights to these plaintiffs in their deeds of record. 1 The lots are taxed as “lake view” properties, rather than lakefront properties. Nonetheless, over the years, these plaintiffs have used the lake in front of their lots and, in some instances, have built docks extending into the lake in order to moor their boats and other water-related equipment. According to plaintiffs, the Army Corps of Engineers issued each of them a permit to maintain their docks in front of their properties. 2 Various other owners of properties in the plat not fronting the water, however, also allegedly began using the waterfront in front of plaintiffs’ homes. According to plaintiffs, these back lot owners used the *548 waterfront inconsistently with plaintiffs’ riparian rights by installing their own docks or using a dock, and by docking and storing their boats and other water-related equipment on the waterfront. Allegedly, some of these back lot owners were unable to obtain permits to maintain their docks from the Army Corps of Engineers and therefore threatened to sue plaintiffs for permission to maintain their seasonal docks. 3
On March 20, 2007, as a result of this overcrowding, plaintiffs filed a four-count complaint against these back lot owners, as well as the CCRC and Charlevoix Township, alleging claims of trespass and nuisance and seeking injunctive and equitable relief. Subsequently, on September 9, 2007, the CCRC counterclaimed, alleging that plaintiffs had trespassed on Beach Drive by maintaining encroachments on the drive, including docks, fencing, landscaping, rocks and rock walls, septic drain fields, and a flagpole among various other intrusions. The individually named back lot defendants also counterclaimed, asserting a claim of adverse possession or alternatively seeking a declaration that they have easements, either by acquiescence or by prescription.
On October 4, 2007, additional back lot owners who use the lakefront moved to intervene in the action. The trial court granted the motion on October 25, 2007. On November 1, 2007, these intervening defendants filed a counterclaim also alleging a claim of adverse possession or alternatively for a declaration that they have easements, either by acquiescence or by prescription.
On November 1, 2007, plaintiffs moved for partial summaiy disposition against the CCRC alone, alleging that there is no issue of material fact regarding which party is entitled to riparian rights. Plaintiffs argued that *549 because their lots were separated from the water by a roadway contiguous to the water, their lots were riparian. In plaintiffs’ view, the CCRC has a right to the use of Beach Drive as a roadway only. In response, the CCRC argued that plaintiffs did not have riparian rights because the public holds Beach Drive in fee pursuant to the statutory dedication under the applicable plat act, which means that plaintiffs’ lands are not riparian. The back lot defendants also filed a motion in response, arguing that plaintiffs did not have riparian rights because, as shown on the plat, none of their properties abuts the lake. In its response, Charlevoix Township adopted the arguments of the CCRC and the back lot defendants. In addition, Charlevoix Township argued that the township could be defeased of Beach Drive only pursuant to the Land Division Act.
Subsequently, the trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion, ruling that plaintiffs did not have any riparian rights. The trial court framed the issue as “whether Beach Drive is an easement with the fee title residing in the front lot owners or whether the public holds fee title.” The court, relying on a Michigan property law treatise, found that the statutory dedication resulted in the “fee of this property [being] vested in the public.” It followed, in the trial court’s view, that because plaintiffs “do not hold fee title to the waterfront land in front of their respective lots, they do not possess riparian rights.” The trial court cited a portion of
Thies v Howland,
*550 II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review de novo a trial court’s determination on a motion for summary disposition.
Klein v Kik,
III. APPLICABLE LAW
At the outset, we note that the material facts of this matter do not appear to be in dispute. Rather, the main question presented on appeal is a question of law: Whether plaintiffs have riparian rights where their lots abut a roadway that runs contiguous to the lakeshore and was created pursuant to a dedication in an approved plat. Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by ruling that the dedication of Beach Drive to the public conveyed an absolute fee interest in the land on which the road is maintained. According to plaintiffs, the dedication merely transferred a limited fee for the sole purpose of maintaining the road, and it had no effect on plaintiffs’ riparian rights because the dedica *551 tion language limited the public’s interest in the alleys and streets to maintaining those roadways. We disagree. Because resolution of this dispute requires an understanding of several different aspects of Michigan property law, we first discuss these concepts before addressing plaintiffs’ arguments.
A. WATER RIGHTS
Riparian rights
5
are property rights.
Peterman v Dep’t of Natural Resources,
B. SUBDIVISION PLATS AND DEDICATED PROPERTY
Development of real estate in Michigan is, in many instances, subject to mandatory statutory control under
*552
the Land Division Act (LDA) and its predecessor statutes. See MCL 560.101
et seq.
Every subdivision must be platted in accordance with the requirements of the LDA. The purpose of these requirements is to promote the orderly layout of lands and to provide for proper ingress and egress to lots and parcels.
Tomecek v Bavas,
C. PLATS AND WATER RIGHTS
“Where land is disposed of by reference to an official plat, the boundary lines shown on the plat control.”
Mumaugh v McCarley,
The nature of the real property interest passing from the grantor to the government unit depends on the method of dedication. Kalkaska v Shell Oil Co (After Remand),433 Mich 348 , 354 n 11;446 NW2d 91 (1989). “ ‘The effect of a dedication under the statute has been to vest the fee in the county, in trust for the municipality intended to be benefited, whereas, at common law, the act of dedication created only an easement in the public.’ ” Id., quoting Village of Grandville v Jenison,84 Mich 54 , 65;47 NW 600 (1890). [Emphasis added.]
See also Thies, supra at 290 (acknowledging this same general rule).
i. COMMON-LAW DEDICATIONS
If the dedication is created at common law, then the front lot owners have riparian rights. This is because a common-law dedication merely creates an easement, meaning that the grantor retains fee title to the land abutting the shore and parts with the property’s use only.
People ex rel Dep’t of Conservation Director v La Duc,
(1) an intent by the owners of the property to offer it to the public for use; (2) [an] acceptance of this offer by the public officials and maintenance of the alley, street or highway by the public officials; [and] (3)... use by the public generally. [Bain v Fry,352 Mich 299 , 305;89 NW2d 485 (1958).]
Significantly, there is no requirement that the dedication be recorded in a plat. “Neither a grant nor written words are necessary to render the act of dedicating land to public uses effectual at common law; intent to dedicate can be gathered from the circumstances [alone].”
DeWitt v Roscommon Co Rd Comm,
Ü. STATUTORY DEDICATIONS
Conversely, and as already noted, if the dedication is statutory, the public owns the fee under the statute.
Thies, supra
at 290;
Minerva Partners Ltd, supra
at 214. A statutory dedication is accomplished where two elements are met: there is (1) “a recorded plat designating the areas for public use, evidencing a clear intent by the plat proprietor to dedicate those areas to public use, and [(2)] acceptance by the proper public authority.”
Beulah Hoagland Appleton Qualified Personal Residence Trust v Emmet Co Rd Comm,
For example, in Thies, the recorded plat’s dedication stated “ ‘that the Driveways, Walks and Alleys shown *555 on said plat are hereby dedicated to the joint use of all the owners of the plat.’ ” Id. at 286. At issue was a walkway recorded on the plat that abutted Gun Lake and separated the front lot owners from the shoreline. Id. Our Supreme Court framed the issue as whether the dedication language was intended to grant a fee in the walkway to all subdivision owners or whether it merely granted them an easement along the lakeshore. Id. at 293. After reviewing the dedication language used, the fact that the front lot landowners used the land as their own, that no walk ever existed, and that no evidence was presented showing that back lot owners paid any consideration for riparian access, the Court affirmed the trial court’s finding that the plattors did not intend to create a fee vested in the public and that the back lot owners had no riparian rights. Id. at 293-294 & n 8. The Court stated that “[t]he phrase ‘joint use’ does not ordinarily denote the passing of a fee interest in land.” Id. at 293. Consequently, the back lot owners merely had an easement and the front lot owners retained their riparian rights. Id. With this result in mind, the import of Thies is this: Although a dedication may appear to meet the requirements of a statutory dedication, as it appears to in Thies, it does not necessarily follow that a fee title interest is vested in the public; rather, the pertinent inquiry is whether the plattors intended a fee to vest in the public, i.e., what is the dedication’s effect. 6 The dedication in Thies had the same effect of a common-law dedication.
IV THE PLAT ACT OP 1887
Turning to plaintiffs’ arguments on appeal, plaintiffs posit that the 1887 plat act creates a “base fee” as *556 opposed to a fee simple or fee simple absolute, as the trial court found. While we agree that the statute does not create a fee simple absolute, we see no need to reach the question whether the statute creates a “base fee,” as that term is defined in a legal sense, because, as we will explain, the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous. 7 Further, we also disagree with plaintiffs’ characterization of the trial court’s opinion. Nothing in the opinion and order indicates that the trial court interpreted the 1887 plat act as granting the public fee simple absolute ownership of the dedicated areas.
The North Charlevoix plat was recorded in 1911 and, accordingly, the subdivision is controlled by the plat act in effect at the time,
The map so made and recorded in compliance with the provisions of this act shall be deemed a sufficient conveyance to vest the fee of such parcels of land as may be therein designated for public uses in the city or village within the incorporate limits of which the land platted is included, or if not included within the limits of any incorporate city or village, then in the township within the limits of which it is included in trust to and for the uses and purposes therein designated, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever. [Emphasis added.]
Today, when land is platted, the LDA controls. It contains substantially similar language, and provides in relevant part:
(1) When a plat is certified, signed, acknowledged and recorded as prescribed in this act, every dedication, gift or *557 grant to the public or any person, society or corporation marked or noted as such on the plat shall be deemed sufficient conveyance to vest the fee simple of all parcels of land so marked and noted, and shall be considered a general warranty against the donors, their heirs and assigns to the donees for their use for the purposes therein expressed and no other.
(2) The land intended for the streets, alleys, commons, parks or other public uses as designated on the plat shall be held by the municipality in which the plat is situated in trust to and for such uses and purposes. [MCL 560.253 (emphasis added).]
When interpreting a statute, this Court must discern and give effect to the Legislature’s intent.
Oneida Charter Twp v City of Grand Ledge,
Here, the language of the 1887 plat act is plain and unambiguous. The provision vests a “fee” for public uses in the city, village, or township “in trust to and for *558 the uses and purposes therein designated, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever.” In our opinion, there is no ambiguity here. A conveyance under this provision grants fee title in the public limited to the uses and purposes designated in the plat. A fee is defined as “a heritable interest in land” and denotes an interest that is “the broadest property interest allowed by law ....” See Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed). Obviously, however, in the context of the statute, the term “fee” does not indicate a fee interest that is indefinite or infinite in duration, as in a fee simple absolute. Rather, the provision contains language that explicitly limits the public’s ownership interest to the “uses and purposes” designated in the plat, and for “no other use or purpose whatsoever.” Given this plain language, it is clear that the Legislature did not intend to give the public title in the nature of private and absolute ownership, but it did intend to give fee title for a use and purpose as designated in the plat by the plattors.
Consistently with this interpretation, the Michigan Supreme Court has regularly interpreted various plat acts, containing substantially similar language, as conveying only nominal title that is not coterminous with the rights of a proprietor owning lands in fee simple absolute. See
Wayne Co v Miller,
Accordingly, we conclude that the 1887 plat act vests in the public a fee title interest limited to the uses and purposes stated in the dedication.
V THE DEDICATION’S LANGUAGE
Plaintiffs next argue that the dedication of the roadways had no effect on their riparian rights. In plaintiffs’ view, even if the public has fee title to Beach Drive, that title does not sever their riparian rights because the dedication is only for maintaining the alleys and streets of the plat. We cannot agree.
At the outset, we note that the parties do not dispute that the dedication is statutory and we see no reason to disagree. The dedication in the North Charlevoix Plat states that “the streets and alleys as shown on said plat are hereby dedicated to the use of the public.” This language unequivocally states a clear intention to dedicate the areas delineated as streets and alleys to the public’s use. Beulah Hoagland Appleton Qualified Personal Residence Trust, supra at 554. Accordingly, and assuming without deciding that the dedication has been accepted as the matter is not at issue, we conclude that the North Charlevoix plat created a statutory dedication vesting fee title of the streets and alleys depicted on the plat in the public consistent with the 1887 plat act.
Having concluded that the public holds fee title to the dedicated alleys and streets in the North Charlevoix plat pursuant to a statutory dedication, the next question becomes whether plaintiffs have riparian rights, i.e., whether the plattors intended to reserve riparian
*560
rights in the general public or in the front lot owners alone. We could conclude, as the trial court did, that because the public holds fee title in Beach Drive pursuant to a statutory dedication, the public’s intervening fee title cuts off plaintiffs’ riparian rights. However, it is our opinion that the trial court’s analysis concluded prematurely. Whether plaintiffs have riparian rights turns on the nature and scope of the fee interest arising out of the title transferred by the dedication language in the plat consistent with the 1887 plat act, i.e., the plat act only transfers fee title inasmuch as the plattors intended to do so by the words of their dedication. Thus, we must look to the language of the dedication with the goal of effectuating the plattors’ intent. See
Tomecek v Bavas,
Here, and as already noted, the dedication stated that “the streets and alleys as shown on said plat are hereby dedicated to the use of the public.” When discerning the intent of the plattors, we look to the express language used in the dedication in connection with the surrounding facts and circumstances.
Thies, supra
at 293;
Dobie, supra
at 540. In doing so, we view the plat as a whole, harmonizing, if possible, all the language to make it meaningful. Cf.
City of Huntington Woods v Detroit,
In the present matter, the dedication language is unambiguous. It is clear that all the depicted streets and alleys are for the public’s use. “Use” is defined as “to employ for some purpose; put into service.” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997). “Public” is defined as “the people constituting a community, state, *561 or nation.” Id. The language of the dedication in no way limits what type of use may occur on the depicted streets or alleys or who may use them. Rather, the streets and alleys, which include Beach Drive, are dedicated “to the use of the public,” which includes by definition use consistent with riparian rights. Significantly, the plattors did not dedicate these areas to just the lot owners of the subdivision or to any other limited community, like in Thies, but to the general public. Equally significant is that nothing in the depiction of the plat itself functions to cloud the clear intent of the language. It is plain on the face of the plat that plaintiffs’ properties do not extend to the water’s edge. Rather, each front-lot property is a rectangular-shaped and numbered lot, the northern and southern boundaries of which run parallel to one another, and the dimensions of which are included. The northern boundaries of each these lots abuts Beach Drive, not Lake Charlevoix. Further, Beach Drive runs all the way to the water’s edge, indicating that the plattors intended the public, including all lot owners, to have access to Lake Charlevoix. This depiction does not support the position that plaintiffs have riparian rights, but rather is entirely consistent with the stated purpose of the dedication. In addition, plaintiffs’ properties are not taxed as riparian properties, but as properties with a view of the lake. Nothing in the record demonstrates that plaintiffs paid any consideration for the enjoyment of riparian rights and plaintiffs concede that their deeds do not convey them such rights. And, although plaintiffs have set up and maintained docks on the shoreline as if they owned the portions of waterfront in front of their properties, this fact alone, considered in light of the dedication’s clear language and other surrounding circumstances, does not serve to vest riparian rights in plaintiffs. Accordingly, given the language of the dedi *562 cation, the depiction of the plat, as well as the surrounding circumstances, we conclude that plaintiffs do not have riparian rights.
There is no merit to plaintiffs’ contrary argument that the alleys and streets must be used for the limited purpose of maintaining streets and alleys. Plaintiffs’ interpretation of the dedication language reads a limited usage into the dedication that does not exist. In construing language, this Court will not inject additional requirements not included by the drafters. See
People v Zujko,
VI. CONCLUSION
Our decision makes clear that a statutory dedication under the 1887 plat act vests a fee title interest in the public limited to the uses and purposes delineated by the plattors. After reviewing the language of the statutory dedication in this matter, we have concluded that the plattors did not intend to vest any riparian rights in plaintiffs’ properties. This inquiry has required a two-tier analysis: First, whether a valid statutory dedication was created under the 1887 plat act and, second, if so, what type of fee interest has been vested in the public. This latter inquiry requires an interpretation of the plattors’ intent. Conversely, had the dedication been one at common law, it would merely have created an easement in Beach Drive, and plaintiffs would retain riparian rights to Lake Charlevoix. People ex rel Dep’t of Conservation Director, supra at 719.
*563
Here, the trial court’s analysis concluded prematurely. It ruled that the plat created a statutory dedication, thereby creating a fee interest that cut off plaintiffs’ riparian rights. This will not always be the case. It is easy to imagine situations where a statutory dedication creates a fee interest that is somehow limited by the language of the dedication. The trial court’s failure to specifically analyze the language of the dedication constitutes legal error, albeit harmless error. We will not reverse a trial court’s decision if the right result was reached, even if for the wrong reason.
Coates v Bastian Bros, Inc,
Affirmed.
Notes
The lower court record does not include plaintiffs’ deeds. Rather, the CCRC below provided a description of each of plaintiffs’ deeds. No reference to lot numbers was made in the description. Plaintiffs never sought to introduce their deeds in the motion for summary disposition. However, in their brief on appeal, plaintiffs concede that there is no grant or express limitation of riparian rights in their deeds of record.
There is no documentation in the lower court record reflecting these facts.
Again, there is no documentation in the lower court record reflecting these facts.
This Court granted leave for an interlocutory appeal on September 10, 2008. See 2000 Baum Family Trust v Babel, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, issued September 10, 2008 (Docket No. 284547).
Land bordering on a river is considered riparian, whereas land bordering on a lake is littoral. Thies, supra at 288 n 2. This opinion uses the term “riparian rights” interchangeably with “littoral rights.”
Often times, a failed statutory dedication creates a common-law dedication,
DeFlyer v Oceana Co Rd Comm’rs,
Plaintiffs do not define “base fee” in their brief on appeal. Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed) defines “base fee” as “[a] fee that has some qualification connected to it and that terminates whenever the qualification terminates.” Base fees include determinable fees, conditional fees, fees simple subject to a condition subsequent, as well as other types of limited fees. Id.