303 P.3d 1084
Wash. Ct. App.2013Background
- Jones was convicted of attempted first degree murder; he challenges an off-record, court-recess drawing of four alternate jurors as a violation of the public trial right, urging per se prejudice and remand for a new trial.
- The court drew alternate jurors during a recess without open-court Bone-Club analysis, triggering recent Washington public-trial jurisprudence recognizing structural error.
- The opinion also addresses Jones’s other claims (unreliable photo identification, defense-evidence restrictions, and pro se grounds), finding none reversible.
- Factual backdrop includes the February 13, 2010 shooting of Trooper Johnson, subsequent photomontages, Johnson’s identification of Jones, and searches that connected Jones to the crime.
- Pretrial history includes venue changes due to publicity and rulings on admissibility of certain evidence and identification-related challenges.
- Trial proceeded for five weeks with voir dire, then the off-record alternate juror drawing occurred after closing arguments; no objection was raised at the time.
Issues
| Issue | Plaintiff's Argument | Defendant's Argument | Held |
|---|---|---|---|
| Did off-record alternate juror drawing close public access? | Jones argues closure violated public trial rights | Jones contends the drawing was off-record and lacked Bone-Club analysis | Yes; constitutes a per se public-trial violation requiring new trial |
| Did drawing alternates outside Jones’s presence violate right to be present or to appear and defend? | Irby/Irby-like concerns about presence during juror selection | Drawing was not a critical phase and did not affect defense | Not violated; if error, harmless beyond a reasonable doubt |
| Do the remaining claims (photo ID, defense evidence, pro se challenges) reverse the conviction? | Additional grounds affect trial fairness | Arguments do not amount to reversible error | No reversible error established |
Key Cases Cited
- State v. Wise, 176 Wn.2d 1 (Wash. 2012) (public trial right; per se prejudice when closure unaddressed)
- State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58 (Wash. 2012) (experience and logic test for public-trial closure)
- State v. Paumier, 176 Wn.2d 29 (Wash. 2012) (Bone-Club analysis prerequisites for closure)
- State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254 (Wash. 1995) (Bone-Club five-factor closure test)
- Gagnon, 470 U.S. 522 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1985) (due process present during trial-related proceedings)
- Snyder v. Massachusetts, 343 U.S. 23 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1952) (presence substantially relates to the opportunity to defend)
- Rushen v. Spain, 464 U.S. 114 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1983) (harmless error framework for presence right)
- Irby, 170 Wn.2d 874 (Wash. 2011) (right to be present during jury selection; due process considerations)
- Caliguri, 99 Wn.2d 501 (Wash. 1983) (appearance and defense rights; substantial rights trigger)
- Press-Enter. Co. v. Superior Court, 464 U.S. 501 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1984) (experience and logic in public-access analysis)
- State v. Gentry, 125 Wn.2d 570 (Wash. 1995) (participation in juror selection; impact of alternate juror deliberations)