State v. Dunbar, 728 S.E.2d 539

Officer stopped a vehicle for a missing passenger side mirror, with Petitioner as a passenger.
Canine unit indicated presence of drugs after the stop.
Search of the vehicle yielded a substantial quantity of controlled substances.
Petitioner was indicted on three counts; moved to suppress evidence from the stop.
Petitioner pled guilty to one count with a Kennedy plea and reserved appeal on the suppression denial.
Appellate court reversed the trial court, remanding to dismiss the conviction for lack of suppression-compliant stop.

Issue	Plaintiff's Argument	Defendant's Argument	Held
Whether the stop was supported by reasonable suspicion	Dunbar contends missing mirror not a statutory basis for stop	State argues defective equipment justifies stop	Yes; stop improper absent statutory defect justification.
Whether the stop’s duration violated Fourth Amendment	Detention extended beyond ticket/warning without suspicion	Officer extended stop lawfully to investigate drugs	Yes; prolonged detention without articulable suspicion invalid.

United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266 (U.S. 2002) (courts evaluate totality of circumstances for reasonable suspicion in stops)
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (U.S. 1968) (establishes investigatory stop standard with articulable suspicion)
Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (U.S. 1984) (limits duration of traffic stops absent suspicion or consent)
State v. Stuart, 192 W.Va. 428, 452 S.E.2d 886 (1994) (recognizes articulable reasonable suspicion for traffic stops)
Strick v. Cicchirillo, 224 W.Va. 240, 683 S.E.2d 575 (2009) (distinguishes defective taillight stops; no passenger mirror requirement)